The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of...

John B. Watson work on classical behaviorism that paved the way for B. F. Skinners radical or operant behaviorism which has had a large impact on educational systems. Watson was one of the influential psychologists of the twentieth century. His material is still used in most psychology and educational psychology texts. Watson helped with defining the study of behavior anticipated Skinners emphasis on operant conditioning and the importance of learning and environmental influences in human development. Watson’s criticized of Sigmund Freud has been given credit for helping to disseminate principles of Freudian psychoanalysis. Watson is known for the Little Albert study and his dozen healthy infants quote.†¦show more content†¦Example; you have a cat and the cat just playing around with a ball and when you throw the ball at the cat and the cat catches it and you give him a treat. The cat is starts to catch the ball as you throw it in the air .The operant is the behavior prior to. The cat will stop the trick which you’re were enjoying. This is called extinction of the operant behavior. If you were to start showing the dog treats then likely the cat with start doing the tricks again and more quickly than the cat learned at first. This is because the return of the reinforcer takes place in a reinforcement history that goes all the way back to the first time the cat was reinforced for doing the tricks. Freud and Skinner agree that human behavior is the result of outside barriers that hinder the ideal of free will. Skinner believes that humans in good environment can live happy while Freud understands that humans are design to live in some degree of anguish or discontent. Skinner uses the example of Walden Two to illustrate his ideas of how human behavior should be formed. Skinner’s argues on how to eliminate what he knows as problematic rests on his prescription of dismissing the notion of individual freedom. Skinner does not only say that the ideal of individual freedom is farce. He takes further and states that the search for it is whereShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Abstract Research and statistics are essential elements within the field of Psychology. Through the evolution of technology, the task of conducting adequate research and statistics methods have become abundant in methodology. Because of such, research collection and experimentation approaches of researchers and Psychologists, greatly vary in specificity. However, one method reigns true and consistent, and that is the ScientificRead MoreEssay about Examination of Clinical Psychology1197 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: EXAMINATION OF CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY Examination of Clinical Psychology University of Phoenix PST/480 Karen Wilson Nov 14, 2011 Examination of Clinical Psychology Clinical psychology is a very important as well as popular part of the field of psychology that is used very often. To begin, a definition of clinical psychology will be included. According to APA (2009) â€Å"Clinical psychology attempts to use the principles of psychology to better understand, predict, andRead MoreI/O Psychology Paper788 Words   |  4 PagesIndustrial/Organizational Psychology Pamela Groves PSY/435 January 7, 2012 Frank Del Grosso Jr. Industrial/Organizational Psychology The paper will examine the evolution of the field of industrial/organizational psychology, and how industrial/organizational psychology is different from other disciplines in psychology. Industrial/organization psychology can be used in organizations and it focuses on the employees performance and how to make it better. The report will include the role of research and statisticsRead MoreStatistics and Psychology1051 Words   |  5 PagesStatistics and Psychology Paper There are numerous applications of statistical reasoning and research methods in the field of psychology. From simple aspects of reading and interpreting psychology articles, to completing personal research, statistics is a necessary concept to understand. The scientific method is essential to research, and many of the concepts cross the lines into statistics. It is also imperative for us to compare and contrast the characteristics of primary and secondary dataRead MorePsy 435975 Words   |  4 PagesIndustrial/Organizational Psychology Worksheet The purpose of this assignment is to examine the fundamental concepts of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. Using the textbook, the University Library, the Internet, and/or other resources, answer the following questions. Your responses to each question will vary but overall should be 700- to 1,050-words in length. 1. Describe the evolution of the field of industrial/organizational psychology. According to Spector (2012) â€Å"I/O psychology is anRead MorePsychological Principles And Theories Of The Workplace Essay1513 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the fastest growing fields of occupations today is Industrial an Organizational Psychology. This field continues to show the potential to grow even though it is hard for most people to find a job (â€Å"I-O a â€Å"Hot Job,† Shows Job Increases,† 2016). I/O Psychology is defined by Levy (2013) as â€Å"the application of psychological principles and theories to the workplace.† An I/O Psychologist will study the behaviors of employees and use it to help organizations to be efficient and successful. This leadsRead MoreThe Progression And Maturation Of Human Development841 Words   |  4 PagesDevelopmental psychologists examine the progression and maturation of human development throughout a lifetime (Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2014). Additionally, developmental psychologists study how humans are able t o acclimate to changes. Traditionally, their roles focus around the various stages during childhood and adolescence due in part to the rapid changes experienced during the first stages of life, however they are not limited to those age groups. Undergraduate and graduate degreesRead MoreExamination of Clinical Psychology1665 Words   |  7 PagesClinical psychology is a broad science that involves psychologists ensuring the mental well-being of a patient. Its focus is diagnosing, treating, and if possible, averting psychological disorders. The field of clinical psychology applies to every demographic from young children to the elderly, families or individuals, and one’s socioeconomic status is not a factor in whether he or she should receive treatment. Clinical psychology deals with a broad range of specialties, including individuals whoRead MoreForensic Psychology : A More Than One Career Option933 Words   |  4 PagesForensic psychology is a varied field that can lead to more than one career option, and provides more than one path to get into the position you’re seeking. A master’s degree is required to work in the field of forensic psychology. With a master’s degree you could work as a cor rectional officer, a parole or probation officer, or as a counselor to criminal offenders, a counselor to victims of crime, or a counselor to people who abuse drugs and alcohol. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor StatisticsRead MoreSchool Psychology as a Career1579 Words   |  7 PagesSchool Psychology Career paper Psychology 250 My subject of attention is school psychology and career choice is school psychology. I have researched this topic and found lots of valuable information to discuss. I will cover all aspects of this career including a definition of what it involves on a day to day basis, why I have chosen this career as my subject of interest, common personality characteristics and values that go along well with this job. I will also talk about the minimum requirements

Let The Truth Be Told - 1290 Words

Let the Truth be Told The silence was cut by a painful scream. I sat up alone on an unfamiliar bed, my warm cheeks evaporated the tears that rushed down my face. My two month vacation at Mexico in the summer of 2009 would change my childhood understanding of loss. I stayed at my grandparent s two story house where I slept alone in one room and next to that room my mom and sibling s slept. Through the window that connected the two rooms I watched my mom cry uncontrollably. She had her hand over her chest and yelled, No puede ser! My cousin, Vanessa, calmly stood in front of my devastated mother and told her about the horrible car accident her sister got into. There was an ache in my chest that I had never felt before; I tried my†¦show more content†¦My grandma s love for my cousin was special and she needed to be next to Claribel. My grandpa had no other choice than to follow along and jump into his red expedition. There were only two possible hospitals that Claribel could be in. My grandpa dro ve to the nearest hospital and my grandma would constantly yell at him to drive faster. He parked the car and my grandma demanded my grandpa to check if Claribel was a patient. He did as told and we patiently waited in the car for him to come back. As he walked back and opened the car door, my grandpa immediately told us that Claribel was not there. I was feeling a bit nervous as we started heading out to the only other hospital in town. This time when my grandpa parked the car my grandma insisted that she and I check. I moved swiftly and carefully to get her out of the Ford red Expedition. I locked my arm with hers and we walked to the small entrance of the hospital. I noticed the fluid movement of nurses and people walking in and out of the hospital as we approached the front desk to ask for information on my cousin. Estoy buscando a mi nieta, my grandma calmly spoke, ella estuvo en un accidente feo. Como se llama? questioned the lady. Claribel Ramos Lo sentimos no tenemos ninguna informacià ³n Como es que no sabes, la quiero ver. I stood shyly as I listened to them argue. I did not know how to ease the situation. A nurse happened toShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickinsons Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant Explication 944 Words   |  4 PagesDickinson’s â€Å"Tell all the Truth but tell it slant-† brings to light the overwhelming theme of how one should tell the truth. It also illuminates the development of the extended metaphor of comparing truth to light. From the very beginning of the poem, the speaker is instructing on the best way to tell the truth. Dickinson, through a use of a specific technique of rhyming, literary elements, and different forms of figurative language, establishes the importance of not telling the truth all at once. AlliterationRead MorePoem Essay : The Hiding Place By Casper Ten Boom862 Words   |  4 Pagesteaching them. The hiding place was told by Corrie Ten Boom but was written and published by John and Elizabeth Sherril. Casper Ten Boom faith and wisdom helped many people he could calm any type of situation with the words the he spoke. When Casper (Father) had found out that Holland would be participating in the war he had heard the mayor say that Holland will be victorious but he knew the power of Germany and he knew that he had to tell Corrie and others the cruel truth he says to them ‘’’ it is wrongRead MoreIndividuality Vs. Conformity In Arthur Millers The Crucible928 Words   |  4 PagesProctors’ situation had nothing to do with witchcraft in his and John Proctor’s conversation and this is when he starts second thinking about his beliefs. Hale surprised, says to John Proctor, â€Å"Abigail Williams told you it had not to do with witchcraft!†, following with Proctor explaining, â€Å"She told me the day you came, sir.†(Act II, 33) This makes Reverend Hale start to think that maybe Abigail and the girls were lying this whole time, and the whole con cept of witchcraft that he was made to believe wasntRead MoreThe Tragic Flaw Of Oedipus The King1310 Words   |  6 Pagestragedies to show that mankind was susceptible to flaw. This was present in Sophocles s tragedy, Oedipus the King. The protagonist of the tragedy,Oedipus, was not exempt from his own flaws. Oedipus’s traits of excessive pride and desire for knowing the truth were advantageous to him in the beginning, yet were the very things that contributed to his tragic downfall. Oedipus possessed an excessive amount of pride, otherwise known to the Greeks as hubris. This was necessary for upholding the position of aRead MoreEssay on Oedipus the King: Oedipus Struggle with Fate and Free Will771 Words   |  4 Pagesis summoned to find the person who is unclean. When he comes, he asks to be sent away because he fears the truth. Oedipus demands that Teiresias tell him the truth. Teiresias tells Oedipus that he is the unclean person that is causing the city so much pain. In the example Oedipus is just asking to be accused of the crime, Teiresias has already warned him he doesnt need to know the truth. So the irony is Oedipus had no idea that the person who killed Laius would be himself. After hearing thisRead MoreThe Communication Principle in the Book of Psalms Essay665 Words   |  3 Pagesoutlined in this paper is about communicating lies and what the outcome of lying is. In the book of Psalm, it explains very clear about the bibles stance on lying. Psalm 59:12-13:12 reads, â€Å"For the sins of their mouths, for the words of their lips, let them be caught in their pride. For the curses and lies they utter, 13 consume them in your wrath; consume them till they are no more. Then it will be known to the ends of the earth that God rules over Jacob.† Speaking truthfully is a very importantRead MoreAnalysis Of Pamela Meyer s The On Spot A Liar Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pagesknowledge in that field is quite necessary because we will be very easy to get hurt by others if we don’t, and another reason is that if others know that we have such ability to spot the loopholes in their words, they will become more likely, to tell the truth instead of concealing it. Humor, eye contact, and hand gestures are the success of a speech. for her speech, she used lots of humor to support her speech. Humor is important in a speech because humor can give listeners a relaxed atmosphere, and giveRead MoreEssay About Chapter 11031 Words   |  5 Pages At dinner’s conclusion, Phillip asked his parents if he could be dropped back off at the records archives once again after Saturday school class let out. Curious as to why he needed to return to the archives, Phillip’s father inquired. â€Å"Oh, nothing much,† Phillip told him. â€Å"I was just interested in finding out a little more about how life was before the volunteers, is all,† he responded trying to sound as nonchalant as possible. â€Å"I kind of got caught up in some of the holograms and the video filesRead MoreThe Characteristics Of Pride In Arthur Millers The Crucible1507 Words   |  7 Pagesto have faced the devil head on. Throughout the play of the, The Crucible th e story unfolds into tragic deaths and situations that test each individual character. With each individual intertwined together they showed strong characteristics for the truth, but they never stood up to say the events were wrong therefore the trials continued. The best known characteristics that were shown were pride, jealousy, and forgiveness, in order to overcome the evil in the community. The first factor of the,Read MoreSojourner Truths Life and Accomplishments Essay1217 Words   |  5 PagesSojourner Truth was an outspoken woman who fought for womens rights, blacks rights, and antislavery. She fully believed what she spoke when she said, Truth is powerful and it prevails. Sojourner Truth stood up for something she believed in, and it is still affecting peoples lives in many positive ways today. Sojourner Truth, originally named Isabella Ardinburgh, was born sometime between 1797 and 1800, in New York, to James and Betsey Ardinburgh. Isabella had a total of ten to twelve siblings

The Way As Seen In Taoism And Confucianism Essay Example For Students

The Way As Seen In Taoism And Confucianism Essay Taoism and Confucianism are both very complex and important religions of their time. Both mainly Asian religions, these creeds were more prominent in the times they were developed then they are today. Each of these religions had a certain belief that there was a Way that things should happen and should work so that goodness and peace will regulate in the world. Confucius was the founder of Confucianism. His works were taught in the Confucian Analects. His sense of mission to be a human among other humans. He was said to have fortune cookie knowledge and was admired by many people, including his many followers. Lao Tzu is the founder of Taoism. His teachings are found from the Te-tao-ching. Lao Tzu beliefs were nature based around nature. Each of these teachers taught a great deal to their followers about their beliefs and we see that through the works they left behind. Confucius was willing to teach and learn with anyone who came to him; once he even accepted an uncapped youth though he stated that he was not responsible for what the youth did when he left. He once struck a man who was waiting for him in a sprawling position in the shins with his staff, declaring that youths that show no respect for their elders achieve nothing, and those who merely get older are useless pests. He observed that one youth seemed to be more interested in growing up quickly than in improving himself. He expected his students to desire learning and think for themselves. As long as the student was making effort, regardless of his progress he would help him. He even encouraged them to compete with him in goodness. However, he found that most of them were looking for the rewards of a career. He was glad when students stayed with him rather than accepting the first position offered; though he did emphasize that the model sayings were to be carried out in practice. The rational Confucius did not act without knowing why; he heard much and selected what is good to follow, calling it the second type of knowledge. He once spent a whole day meditating without food and all night without sleep, but found that it was better for him to learn. Confucius thought that education was very important. He has a section in the Analects dedicated to his own love of learning. Confucius thought that educating people was very important. He educated people not only by teaching them physically but also by teaching through his sayings in the Analects. One of the sayings from his Love of Learning section is as follows; Confucius said: Sometimes I have gone the whole day without and food, and gone the whole night without any sleep, giving myself to though. It was no use. It was better to learn. (Confucian Analects, XV: 30 pg. 23:15) He educated people on such topics as Humanity, Filial Piety, Rites and Music and perhaps one of the most important teaching of The Gentleman. This was a group of sayings by Confucius about how one man should act accordingly as opposed to how and inferior man would act in comparison. An example of his sayings on how the gentleman should act is Confucius said: The gentleman reaches upward, the inferior man reaches downward. (Analects XIV: 23 pg.31:86) Confucius also believed a great deal in filial piety which was a certain respect for your parents because they gave you life. He devoted many of his teaching to his thought on filial piety as seen here: Confucius said: The upright men among us are not like that. .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .postImageUrl , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:hover , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:visited , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:active { border:0!important; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:active , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racial Profiling Essay A father will screen his son and a son his father yet the uprightness is to be found in that (Analects, XIII:18 pg. 28:59) Confucius thought of himself as a transmitter of the ancient culture, not a creator of new ideas. He held nothing back from his students and consulted with them as friends on every step. Yet he realized it is useless to speak of higher things to those who are below average. Listening silently and learning and teaching untiringly were natural to Confucius. Taoism is a very strong and complex religion that .

Organizational Research Internal and External Consultants

Introduction Research has been widely used to generate knowledge and to solve problems. This paper will describe basic and applied research, internal and external research consultants and state the purpose of organizational research in using the PC software.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Organizational Research: Internal and External Consultants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will define research, state how to conduct research, state the research process and show how research is scientific. Definition of terms, explanation of their uses in research and the hypothesis testing procedure will be covered in this paper. Basic and applied research Basic or pure research is conducted for the sake of increasing knowledge. Moreover, basic research investigates the topics that are scientific in nature. For instance, research has been conducted to find out how the universe began to exist. Basic research has no c ommercial basis and does not seek to invent for commercial purpose. In most cases, basic research is supported by the state because today’s invention may be useful a decade later. Researchers believe that basic research leads to the growth of a certain field. On the other hand, applied research is done to solve problems and to improve the conditions of a situation. An example of applied research is research conducted to establish the cause of slow movement of goods in the market. Applied research builds on basic research. It can be done for commercial objectives. In simple terms, applied research can only be done in a situation where there is a problem while basic research is done in a situation where knowledge is needed for the sake of increasing information and quenching curiosity. Internal and external consultants The internal and external research consultants are people capable of doing research and giving the best results. Internal researchers are agents within the organ ization while the external researchers work for the organization because of their experiences from previous consultations.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The internal research department of a company has the advantage of knowing the company’s internal system. It is conversant with the history of the organization and is aware of the details of the organization’s goals and objectives. On the other hand, external research consultants bring new ideas and are believed to be objective. The external consultants are timed, and expensive. Besides knowing the systems, the internal consultants also understand the culture, symbols and the language of the organization Some of the challenges that can be faced when using internal research consultants include the challenge of conducting research to the same people they interact with everyday and have formed a relationshi p already. This may cause them to have preconceptions about some of the employees in the organization. Hiring internal consultants also has financial implications to the organization as the cost of keeping an internal research consultant is higher than that of hiring an external consultant. This is because they take a long period of time before the final success is realized. Despite the cost implications on the side of the organizations, it is still advisable for organizations to consider hiring internal consultants instead of external ones. This is because they have the advantage of being available all the time and they also understand the organization’s objectives better. Purposes for which organizational research can progress with the currently available PC software An organization can conduct research using the currently available PC software for it to be able to deal with a problem within the organization. The available PC software can enable a person to analyze data tha t has been computed, obtain results and interpret them. The computer, through a network, can enable the researcher to collect data by sending questionnaires to employees working in the company and receiving responses to the questions through email. This software allows progress in research because it makes collection of data easy and saves on the cost as well as time.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Organizational Research: Internal and External Consultants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the problems are discovered, the PC software can allow for another survey to monitor progress and changes that occur by obtaining information and analyzing it. Since the software remains the property of the organization, it can be used for doing research for all the departments within the organization. For this reason, repeated research can help the organization make discoveries that can help expand the company and o btain more revenue. For instance, it can lead to a discovery on how to motivate the employees. The motivated employees in turn become creative and contribute ways of dealing with problems. Fewer problems lead to the organizational success. Defining research, how to conduct research, research process and how research is scientific Research is an organized way of conducting investigation with the aim of getting information or solving a problem. When conducting a research, the researcher chooses a topic and clearly outlines the scope. Then, the researcher reviews literature on the chosen topic to familiarize themselves with the latest publications on the topic and to ensure their research topic has not been covered. The researcher then plans and executes the research and obtains findings. Thereafter, the findings are compared to existing knowledge so that they can come up with the conclusion. After the conclusion a report is written about the research and conclusion for different audie nces, like the general public or the authorities or the other scholars. The researcher can then publicize the findings of the research. A research process is a progression of steps that are taken by a researcher to conduct a comprehensive and accurate research. The major steps include: identifying and developing a topic, literature review, evaluation, analysis and reporting. A research is considered scientific when it adheres to the steps and standards of scientific research. Scientific research is characterized by a set goal, interpretation of the results, replication, accumulation of knowledge and a conclusion. Scientific research is also verifiable and unbiased. Explaining terms used in research Null hypothesis A null hypothesis is a type of hypothesis, usually in statistics, that indicate a possible rejection of the statistical significance. It can also be argued that a null hypothesis is a hypothesis that a researcher attempts to disapprove.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Replicability Replicability is a term used in research to refer to the potential of a research study to be repeated in diverse conditions and with different subjects to establish the accuracy of the original research. The aim is to determine if the conclusion or findings can be generalized to be true in similar circumstances and to subjects with the same characteristics. Moderator variable A moderator variable has the capability of altering the other variables in the analysis of qualitative and quantitative research. It is independent on both the qualitative and quantitative variables. It affects the causal relationship between the two variables. Cross-sectional study A cross- sectional study is a type of research method where the entire population, or a section of the population, is observed at a specific time. The study gives the observation of the population rather than selected subjects with certain characteristics. This study can provide a lot of information about prevalence of a behavior or disease and give additional information about causes. Comparing and contrasting terms Primary and Secondary Data Primary data is information collected by the researcher himself from the field. An example of primary data is observations from an experiment. Secondary data is information that has been collected by someone else other than the researcher. It includes: census, records from a business organization and books. Primary data is not recorded and translated unlike secondary data which has to be recorded. Field study versus Comparative study A field study is a method where subjects are studied in their natural setting. The researcher avoids relocating the subjects and makes observation when they are in their own setting. On the other hand, comparative study involves studying subjects by comparing observations obtained from different research studies. Comparative study allows comparison of characteristics while field study gives characteristics for a specific settin g. Bibliography and References Both bibliography and references are recorded at the end of a research. They are also written in alphabetical order. Bibliography is a list that indicates materials used in writing an essay or writing a book. On the other hand, references are the sources of information that have been referred to in the essay, article or even a book. A bibliography does not have to be in the referenced text. Criterion and Predictor Variable Criterion and predictor variables are both used to establish relationship of regression in statistics. Criterion variable is the variable that is measured in a regression. On the other hand, predictor variable is simply a variable that can be used to determine the value of a specific variable. Short notes of terms Panel Studies Panel studies are investigations done on the same subjects at different times. The study assists the researcher to note changes that occur after duration of time in a given population. It is important when a r esearcher wants to understand a cause and effect relationship between variables. Open-ended vs. Closed questions Open ended questions are questions that make the interviewee give more than one answer. The answer can be an explanation and the researcher does not limit the answers, hence it is called open ended. On the other hand closed questions are questions whose answers are finite. They can be yes, no, or no response depending on the structure of the questionnaire. Participant Observation Participant observation is a type of research where the researcher observes the subjects of research by being involved in their activities or by living with them. Besides direct observation, the researcher can interview, participate in discussion and analyze records of the subjects of study. Social Desirability Social desirability happens when respondents give a response that would be viewed as favorable by the interviewer. The respondents answer questions underestimating failures or bad actions and overestimating success or good activities in question. An example is when answering a question about the success of a company; employees will tend to talk of the positive side and overlook the negative side. Operational Definition Operational definition is used to give the exact measure of a term or variable in a research. It eradicates confusion by giving specific details of the term and its measure. It differentiates similar terms by stating what would make the observations be considered to belong to a certain term and not the other. The hypothesis testing procedure The procedure for testing a hypothesis involves first stating the hypothesis. This is done by stating the null hypothesis which should be mutually exclusive to the alternative hypothesis. For instance if 0 is obtained then X is true. Then, the next step is the analysis plan which involves selecting the significance level. They may be ranging from 0- 0.5. The testing method is also indicated and the sampling distrib utions together with the test statistic are put to test. The researcher can use the mean to establish the probability. If the probability range does not fall within the level of significance, then the null hypothesis is not accepted. The next step is to analyze the data obtained from the sample. The statistics are then tested using the standard deviation if the null hypothesis involves a mean. If there are categories, then the chi- square is used to test statistic. Interpreting the result is the final step. The researcher uses the stated hypothesis to interpret the answer. For instance, if the results show no likelihood of the null hypothesis becoming true, then the null hypothesis is rejected. This implies that the values do not fall within the level of significance, hence reject the null hypothesis. Conclusion Research is scientific and can be used to obtain accurate information following scientific process. There are various methods that can be used to collect data like participa nt observation. After collecting the data the statistics can be tested by following the hypothesis testing procedure. This assessment on Organizational Research: Internal and External Consultants was written and submitted by user Nightmare to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

A Current Look at Japans Financial and Political Risk essays

A Current Look at Japans Financial and Political Risk essays A Current Look at Japans Financial and Political Risk A global company faces a number of different types of risks-economic, legal, political, and competitive. The nature and severity of such risks are not the same for all countries. A global company is in a position to manage such risks effectively by planning and implementing strategies aimed at diffusing risk. By keeping a breast of news-breaking developments, and not easily forgetting the past, an international company will have the ability to achieve successful use of strategic risk management in the global business environment. In the past five years, much to their disgrace, Japan has fell victim to numerous financial scandals. In addition, within the past month of April their devoted leader, Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi, suffered a life-threatening stroke. These significant events disturbed the global economy to a great extent and brought a newfound appreciation for global strategic risk management. For those International companies, with operations in Japan, that were able to effectively manage their assets amongst the arising developments were then able to avoid, or limit, risk exposure. For those who were unable to strategically manage their risk exposure the consequences were severe. In October of 1995 the details of the Japanese banking scandal began to unravel as Toshihide Iguchis, an employee of Daiwa Bank, testified to U.S. District Judge Michael Mukasey. Not only did Toshihide Iguchi pleading guilty to covering up $1.1 billion in losses he had incurred Daiwa Banks New York operations, he also told of how he had received more than $500,000 in compensation for such a scandalous task. This development astonished the entire world and would prove to almost destroy the once strong reputation of the Japanese banking industry. He went further in his testimony to implicate that senior executives, at the worlds 13th largest bank, were involved in a c...

Claiming Social Security Disability and Veterans Disability

Claiming Social Security Disability and Veterans Disability Claiming SSDI VA Disability Some disabled veterans are eligible to receive both Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI) through the Social Security Administration (SSA) and Disability Benefits through the Veterans Administration (VA) at the same time. A detailed article on the process appears here.About VA SSDIThe VA provides disability benefits to military veterans who were disabled during active duty. They examine military service medical records, and base determinations only on illnesses and injuries which occurred during active duty. Benefits are based on a disability rating of 0-100%.The SSA provides SSDI to workers with medical issues who are unable to work. To receive SSDI, applicants must be totally disabled. While the SSA considers a range of conditions, applicants must prove they will be out of work for over one year, or that their condition is terminal.Claiming Both Veterans who receive VA benefits for disability can also apply for SSDI, provided they are unable to work at all, without interfere nce. The SSA considers all qualifying conditions, including those already addressed under the VA rating, when deciding.Expedited ClaimsVeterans meeting specific criteria, including a 100% permanent, total disability rating, qualify for expedited processing of SSDI claims. Through a service provided by the Wounded Warrior program, veterans who became disabled on active duty on or after October 1, 2001 can request expedited processing in writing on their application.We Can HelpIf you are disabled and unable to work, call Disability Attorneys of Michigan for a free confidential consultation. We’ll let you know if we can help you get a monthly check and help you determine if any money or assets you receive could impact your eligibility for disability benefits.Disability Attorneys of Michigan works hard every day helping the disabled of Michigan seek the Social Security Disability and Veterans Disability benefits they need. If you are unable to work due to a physical, mental, or c ognitive impairment; call Disability Attorneys of Michigan now for a free consultation at 800-949- 2900.Let Michigan’s experienced disability law firm help you get the benefits you deserve.Disability Attorneys of Michigan, Compassionate Excellence. Michigan Disability Attorney, Michigan Social Security Disability Lawyer, Michigan Veterans Disability Lawyer

Final Thoughts on Argument ( 8 ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Final Thoughts on Argument ( 8 ) - Essay Example One could claim that marketing cigarette products to the youth is simply too much to handle. First let us examine what prompted cigarette companies to come up with this decision. â€Å"Younger adults are the only source of replacement smokers† (RJ Reynolds). This means to say that as people age – while smoking – signs and consequences of this decision will begin to show. As a result, they wouldn’t be as enthusiastic as they were when they started smoking. This is what many cigarette companies try to avoid. If they want to keep their business thriving and prospering, they need younger adults which will require brand new form of marketing. True – from the industry’s point of view, this may just be the right thing to do. After all, they just mean business and this is nothing personal for them. Without overanalyzing and putting things under simple perspective, cigarette companies are just doing what they need to do to keep up with the current market. But nothing justifies the consequences that will happen in the future. On the surface, this may be an acceptable proposition for many cigarette companies though on second thought they are just taking advantage of our youth – the hope of the future. Why do teens smoke? "Kids are vulnerable to smoking because the transition to adulthood is fraught with stress, insecurity, and the need to be accepted by peers. If kids see smokers who they think are cool or look grown-up, they may strive for that image, too† (Lang and Marks). Judging from this, kids are innocent victims of the adult driven world. Cigarette companies know this vulnerability and weakness and this is the reason why they target this specific market. They know they can earn money from them more than they can from adults who know what they are doing and have other priorities in life already. However, kids don’t realize they are vulnerable and weak. They often have these overly positive views about

Psychology in the development of the society and the human Essay

Psychology in the development of the society and the human civilization - Essay Example Humans move, act and live according to their instincts and these are guiding by the wants and needs of the person but sometimes, the rate of the person's reactions are either accelerated or slowed down according to their psychological judgment. This is actually the influence of motivation to the person's psychological state. Thus, human motivation is the psychological factor that guides the judgment and reaction of the person's towards his or her aim. According to Abraham Maslow, human motivation is usually focused on the benefit that the person can achieved by the acquisition of it and these are actually directed towards the needs and the wants of the person. The benefits are regarded in the psychological aspect as the pleasure achieved by satisfying a specific need. This idea is usually regarded with the term arousal meaning the excitement or sensation acquired through satisfaction. Effects of motivation with regard to the role of arousal can be observed in the daily actions of the people. For example, take a case of a certain teenage boy who is motivated to develop his physique to acquire a muscular build. He endures the challenges enticed with his decision because he is focused on the benefits that his desire will provide on his esteem. Thus, he is motivated to satisfy his needs for personal esteem. Another is a case of a teenage girl who is firmly decided to have a diet. Her case is actually the opposite of the previous case because she is one the side of motivated procrastination to achieved personal satisfaction on the aspect of her personal esteem, which her slim and sexy physique will boost. Accordingly, she her actions will also gratify her safety needs regarding her company because her desires expressed her need for acceptance to her desired social group. In addition, her procrastination will limit her satisfaction regarding food consumption aspect but on the other hand, it will fulfill her physiological need for a healthy lifestyle. Thus, the fulfillment of her psychological needs will give her satisfaction, which is actually the aspect that motivates her. Thus, it is viewed that people's actions and decision are actually products of their desires and needs and the satisfaction that they will achieve by fulfilling that needs that actually motivates them to pursue that their aims. This is a classic example on how outside sources of "social push" actually affects people's personal decisions. Hence, to be able to prove the real essence of the mentioned matter herein, this research shall try to utilize a survey-interview procedure to check on how human individuals actually handle the different elements in the society that makes it certain for their personality to change every now and then. To handle the collection of data for this particular research project of human personality development and social interaction, the researcher decides to utilize the results of a survey report that would be given out to at least 80 participants. On the part of the researcher, the said number of participants is already reasonable enough to make the entire research more accurate in terms of research results. The said 80 students would be

Prestige plastics (PP) pricing problem Case Study

Prestige plastics (PP) pricing problem - Case Study Example Major Facts Sue, being a graduate majored in materials management, discovered a pricing problem while working at a manufacturing firm named Prestige Plastics (PP) operating as a supply manager. Her job description consisted of purchasing chemicals for the firm’s plastic productions. The problematic chemical purchase for Sue was that of a chemical called X-pane made specifically for PP. A bid for this chemical was forwarded to six suppliers with an annual requirement of 10,000 drums. The Chicago Chemical Company bid the lowest. Greater Sandusky Chemical said it was impossible to bid that low based on approximate production costs of $750,000 amortized over the one-year contract to reduce loss. Other bidders agreed with this statement. Sue assessed that over the years bidding prices did increase reflecting cost growth. She knew something was wrong but also wanted to maintain the competitive bidding process. Major Problems The major problem consists of the cost growth required to produce the chemical X-pane increasing each year adversely affecting the competitive bidding process. The approximate setup cost of 750,000 for producing x-pane seems to be an issue with buyers in seeing this return over a one-year contract. Possible Solutions/Alternatives A. One alternative would be for Sue to work with the engineering department and assess if there is a better cost efficient chemical that gives the same product results as X-pane that is already on the market for purchase. B. Another alternative would be to reduce the estimated annual requirement of purchase and expand it over a longer period of time. Instead of the required purchase of 10,000 drums a year it can be pushed back to 10,000 drums in 19 months. C. Finding a more cost efficient product that produces the same result and expanding the purchase contract to 10,000 drums within a 19 month period would produce the best results. D. The advantage of finding a cost friendly chemical would decrease costs for the manufacturing firm and increase production from eager buyers. The disadvantage of this would be that the new chemical would not meet the standards set by X-pane. The advantages of increasing the contracts purchase period would allow for buyers to make a greater profit which would be pleasing for them and increase production for the company in the long run. The disadvantage of this would be that PP would not make as much money as it would if it kept the original contract in place. Choice and Rationale I chose choice B. Expanding the purchase contract would be more cost efficient than taking time to search for a new product and gambling on those results. Questions 1. Usually when five prerequisites are satisfied the buying manager can be assured of obtaining the lowest price. 2. According to the case a buying firm may fall into the â€Å"competitive bidding trap† when one company bids lower but increases its bid over time to produce an appearance of a demand but then the hidden fluctuated production costs over time decreases the demands for other competitors. This can create a blind spot in thinking that production is going well and not considering extra costs as time procures. Sue saw the fact that the Chicago Chemical Company placed a low bid for five years straight but failed to realize that the competitive market was decreasing which essentially decreases production. 3. During the first contract at Prestige Plastics Chicago Chemical’s bid was $202 per barrel which was $3 lower than the second lowest price. Each year Chicago Chemical’s prices were $3 to $15 lower than the lowest bid. This could be a strategic move played by the bidders making it seem like a competitive market while reflecting cost growth in materials required to get Prestige Plastics to offer a better deal in order to keep competitive bidding active. 4. During the current buy things seemed good for Prestige Plastics with Chicago Chemical giving the lowest bid but the othe r competitors were not satisfied with growing production costs. They felt the competition was unfair to them

Sociology Of Health And Illness Assignment Social Work Essay

Sociology Of Health And Illness Assignment Social Work Essay The aim of this assignment is to discuss the strengths and limitations of the social model of disability and how nurses can promote anti-discriminatory practice in relation to people with disabilities. Defining disability is said to be very difficult due to the fact that disability is a complicated, multidimensional concept (Altman 2001). Furthermore Slater et al (1974) has gone as far as stating that constructing a definition that would fit all circumstances is in reality nearly impossible. However attempts have been made by various different people, legislation and models in different ways. According to Altman (2001) these attempts are the reason why there has been a lot of confusion and misuse of disability terms and definitions. The Disability Discrimination Act defines a disabled person as a person who has a physical or mental impairment that has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his or her ability to carry out normal day to day activities. (DDA 2005) However the medical model of disability sees disability as the individuals problem and that it should not concern anyone other than the disabled person, for example, if a student who is in a wheelchair is unable to get into the building due to the steps, the medical model would assume that it is due to the wheelchair rather than the steps. Whereas on the other hand the social model would say that the steps are acting as a barrier to the student, therefore the barrier should be removed. The social model of disability was brought about by activists in the Union of the Physically Impaired Against Segregation (UPIAS) during the 1970s. This model is seen as the main theory which tests disability politics in Britain (Shakespeare et al 2002). The UPIAS argued that there is a major difference between impairment and disability. They defined impairment as lacking part or all of a limb, or having a defective limb, organ or mechanism of the body. They have also defined disability as the disadvantage or restriction of activity caused by a contemporary social organization which takes no or little account of people who have physical impairments and thus excludes them from participation in the mainstream of social activities (Giddens 2006). The social model of disability can be defined as an idea that it is society that disables an individual with the way everything is constructed to meet the needs of the majority who are not disabled (Shakespeare et al 2002). Whereas, the social model can be compared with the medical model of disability which tends to focus purely on finding a cure and that to be able to fully participate in society they need to treat their impairment (Crow 1996). The model has several key points. First it describes disabled people as an oppressed social group (Shakespeare et al. 2002) meaning that on top of their impairment, disability is something more deep that excludes and isolates them from participating in society (Oliver 1996). The difference between the impairments that people have to deal with and the oppression which they experience is fundamental to the British social model. Finally, the model defines disability as a form of social oppression, not a form of impairment (Shakespeare et al. 2002). Therefore the aim of the model is to empower disabled people so that they dont feel as though their condition is the problem, but that society is the problem due to the number of barriers it places on disabled people (Giddens 2006). For example, everywhere you go there will be steps, steps to get into a building, steps to climb floors and it is this barrier which causes problems for disabled people therefore the social model provides a soluti on saying that ramps and lifts should be fitted in all buildings, the problem of not being able to stand for too long should be tackled by placing more seats in public places. It is barriers like these that the social model aims to find solutions to. The British disability movement has found great importance in the social model in various different ways. Hasler (1993) describes it as the big idea of the British disability movement. For example, identifying a political strategy to remove barriers in society that played a large role in disabled peoples lives, which was also the main strength of the social model (Shakespeare et al. 2002). Examples of barriers that disabled people faced in all areas of life were the inability to access public transport systems due to the fact that a person was in a wheelchair or had visual or hearing impairment, their inability to find work because employers felt that the disabled person was incapable of doing the job, housing problems and so forth (Thomas 2004). The removal of such barriers would mean that if those people with impairments felt disabled by society then by taking away these barriers would help to empower and promote the inclusion of people with impairments (Shakespeare et al. (2002). The model tries to bring about change in society to suit the individuals need rather than taking up a medical view where you try and look for a cure, or rehabilitation (Shakespeare et al.2002). For example, people who have schizophrenia have to take medication in order to live normal lives. However it is argued that the social models complete view of changing society has become too simplistic or rather an over- socialised explanation. Furthermore, Vic Finkelstein (2004) argues that the social model looks at enabling people to be human in a society rather than having access to their rights. However the medical model of disability has a different perspective. They believe that people with disabilities need to be assessed, that they are incapable of making their own decisions, that they are the problem and that people with disabilities have to be adapted to fit into the world, but if this is not possible then they are placed in specialised institutions or isolated at home where only basic needs are met (Rieser, 2009). A second strength seen from the model was the actual impact on the disabled people themselves. The social model made disabled people feel free as they lifted the view of a medical approach, where the problem was the individual and placed it on society saying that social oppression was the root of the problem. This as a result made people feel liberated and empowered as they were made to believe they were not at fault: society was, that society was in need of the change: not the individual (Shakespeare et al. 2002). The social model helped to bring disabled people to come out like raising feminist consciousness in the seventies, or lesbians and gays coming out (Shakespeare et al. 2002). The social model has played a very important part in many disabled peoples lives, however, despite these strengths to the model there are a number of limitations. Firstly, the social model has been criticised for being unable to deal with the realities of impairment (Oliver, 2004), meaning that the model is not about peoples personal experience of impairment (Oliver, 1996) but about peoples collective experiences of disablement in society (Oliver, 1990). Another point criticised is that other social divisions such as race, gender, ageing, sexuality and so on are not incorporated in to the social model (Oliver, 2004). However Oliver (2004) that just because the social model hasnt incorporated these divisions does not mean that they are unable to. Oliver (2004) states that those who criticise the model are the ones who should try and forge the social model into action when dealing with issues such as race and gender and age and sexuality. Cultural values have also been pointed out to be ignored by the social model. There is an argument about the issue of otherness, meaning that it is the cultural views that people hold which place disabled people as others, not the physical and environmental barriers (Oliver, 2004). Furthermore, another limitation of the social model is that it clearly neglects and ignores the experiences of impairments and disability which are the main cause of problems in most disabled peoples lives (Giddens, 2006). Shakespeare and Watson (2002) argue that we are not just disabled people, we are also people with impairments, and to pretend otherwise is to ignore a major part of our biographies. Against this accusation, Oliver (2004) finds it difficult to accept that disabled peoples experiences are not considered because it is after all the main reason why the model emerged to begin with-due to a number of disabled activists in the 1970s. Furthermore defenders of the model argue that the social model merely focuses on social barriers that disabled people face rather than denying them of everyday experiences due to their impairment (Giddens, 2006). The social model has been criticised as being inadequate as a social theory of disablement (Oliver 2004). Corker and French (1998) talk about social model theorists and then conclude that the social model is not a theory, however Oliver (2004) argues that how can people criticise the social model for something it has never claimed to be? Oliver (2004) states that most people who have developed the social model have claimed that they have said the social model of disability is not a theory of disability. Leading on from the strengths and limitations, there is a substantial amount that nurses can do to promote anti-discriminatory practice in relation to people with disabilities by maintaining a positive attitude towards people with disabilities as they are constantly involved with the treatment and care of people with physical or intellectual disabilities (Klooster et al. 2009). Nursing schools as like other professions, tend to be based around the medical model of care where they aim to diagnose and treat diseases (Klooster et al. 2009). However as Byron et al (2000) has stated that not all disabled people are unwell and may not have a disease. Nurses have an important role, like other health professionals, in influencing a disabled persons response to treatment (Oermann Lindgren, 1995). Therefore Carter et al (2001) has stated that inappropriate attitudes and behaviours from staff are the biggest barriers which disabled people face, which has led to further research indicating that nursing students should move away from the medical model of care when working with people with disabilities and should focus on a more social model perspective (Scullion, 1999). Further research has indicated that nursing students attitudes towards disabled people may be improved by educational programmes which can help nurses to be in direct contact and to work with disabled people (Oermann Lindgren, 1995). However, the research literature suggests that this is currently not happening in nursing practice (Klooster et al 2009). For example, Brillhart et al (1990) found that nursing students had more negative attitudes then the person with the disabilities themselves. Nurses can help to provide clear information as Hammel (2003) states that professionals need to listen to what people are telling them and that actions and non-verbal messages can speak very loudly. Nurses can form strategies to communicate with disabled people in order to make their life easier (Hammel, 2003). However it is common that fewer health care professionals are reluctant to provide services for disabled people as they age (Hammel, 2003). By providing clear information nurses also involve other people who are important in the disabled persons life and ensuring that they are informed about options and benefits for the disabled person as well as themselves. Nurses can also act as advocates for disabled people so that they have equal use of services or even provide information of advocacy groups for the disabled person for example Centres for Independent Living (Hammel, 2003). Furthermore, where young people are concerned nurse can give advice to families about possibilities for independence and can also refer them to community resources that may help young people pursue further education, find a job and live independently (Blomquist et al. 1998) Lastly the Disability Discrimination Act is a guide for nurses to help them provide better care for people with disabilities and also how they can develop their practice (Aylott, 2004). There are many aspects with which nurses can help promote anti-discriminatory practice in relation to people with disabilities however, nurses need to keep a positive attitude towards people with disabilities in order for the anti-discriminatory practice to work. In conclusion for there to be equal rights for people with disabilities, Oliver (2004), states that people spend too much time discussing the strengths and limitations of each model therefore he suggests that both models should be integrated, ideas of both models should be put together and used in concordance so as to actually help people with disabilities. Oliver (2004) claims that if we imagine that throughout history carpenters and builders of the world had spent their time talking about whether the hammer was an adequate tool for the purpose of building houses, we would still be living in caves. Therefore there is a hammer in the disability movement and if it was used properly then the social model of disability can become the hammer of justice and freedom for disabled people (Oliver 2004). References Altman, B.M., (2001). Disability definitions, models, classification schemes and applications. In G.L. Albrecht. K.D. Seelman, M. Bury, (eds.) (2001). Handbook of Disability Studies. Sage, California. Ch.3. Aylott, J., (2004). Learning disabilities. Autism: developing a strategy for nursing to prevent discrimination. British Journal of Nursing, 13(14), 828-833. Blomquist, K.B., Brown, G., Peersen, A., and Presler, E.P., (1998). Transitioning to independence: challenges for young people with disabilities and their caregivers. Orthopaedic Nursing, 17(3), 27-35. Brillhart B.A., Jay H. Wyers M.E. (1990) Attitudes toward people with disabilities. Rehabilitation Nursing. 15(2), 80-82. 85. Byron M. Dieppe P. (2000) Educating health professionals about disability: attitudes, attitudes, attitudes. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 93(8), 397-398. Carter J.M. Markham N. (2001) Disability discrimination. British Medical Journal, 323(7306), 178-179. Crow, L., (1996). Including all of our lives: Renewing the social model of disability. In C. Barnes. Geof Mercer, (eds.) Exploring the divide. Leeds: The Disability Press, pp.55-72. Finkelstein, V., (2004). Representing Disability. In J. Swain., S. French., C. Barnes., and C. Thomas, (eds.) Disabling Barriers- Enabling Environments. 2nd edition. Sage, London. Ch.2. Giddens, A. (2006). Sociology. 5th edition. Polity Press, Cambridge. Hammel, J., (2003). Technology and the environment: supportive resource or barrier for people with developmental disabilities. The Nursing Clinics of North America, 38(2), 331-349. Klooster, P.M.ten., Dannenberg, J.W., Taal, E., Burger, G., and Rasker, J.J. (2009). Attitudes towards people with physical or intellectual disabilities: nursing students and non-nursing peers. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 65(12), 2562-2573. Oermann M.H. Lindgren C.L. (1995) An educational programmes effects on students attitudes toward people with disabilities: a 1-year follow-up. Rehabilitation Nursing 20(1), 6-10. Oliver, M. (1990). The Politics of Disablement. Macmillan Press, Basingstoke. Oliver, M. (1996). Understanding Disability: From Theory to Practice. Macmillan Press, Basingstoke. Oliver, M. (2004). If I had a hammer: The social model. In J. Swain., S. French., C. Barnes., and C. Thomas, (eds.) Disabling Barriers- Enabling Environments. 2nd edition. Sage, London. Ch.1. Rieser, R. (2009) The Social Model of Disability [online article]. Available from [accessed 6th January 2010]. Scullion P.A. (1999) Conceptualizing disability in nursing: some evidence from students and their teachers. Journal of Advanced Nursing. 29(3), 648-657. Shakespeare, T., Watson, N. (2002). The Social model of disability: an outdated ideology?. Research in Social Science and Disability, 2, 9-28. Thomas, C., (2004.) Disability and Impairment. In J. Swain., S. French., C. Barnes., and C. Thomas, (eds.) Disabling Barriers- Enabling Environments. 2nd edition. Sage, London. Ch.3.

Essay --

‘Some years ago everyone lived perfectly fine without a smart phone or tablet, but now people suddenly ‘need’ to have one!’ Most people will have heard someone say this or something similar before. And it seems to be true at first sight, smart phones and tablet are now more a normal good than a luxury good. The implication is that marketing artificially creates needs. In this essay we will discuss the question if marketing really does. We will discuss this question from the point of view of a producer or product designer. It will appear there is another side to the story. But what exactly are needs? ‘Needs are the basic human requirements for air, good, water, clothing and shelter. Humans also have strong needs for recreation, education, and entertainment.’ (Kotler & Keller, 2012) Since needs are basic human requirements, they are in the nature of mankind. Therefore they cannot be created by marketers. But why do people think marketing does create needs? Because they confuse needs with wants. Needs are not specific objects. The specific objects are wants, and they can satisfy the need. (Kotler & Keller, 2012) The needs already exist, marketing develops products that fulfill those needs. (Meredith, 2008) But people may not be aware of their needs, and therefore think that marketing has created a new need, but what marketing has actually done, is uncovering the need, by providing a product that satisfied the need. The need already existed, and marketers found a product that responds to it. Identifying needs and providing a product that sat isfies the needs is the main business of marketing, that is why marketing is used. Business is basically identifying and serving customer’s needs at a profit. (Meredith, When Leaders Don't Lead, ... ...d society do. So if you ever hear someone complain about needs that are created by marketers, those people just didn’t know they had that need. Bibliography (n.d.). Kotler, P., & Keller, K. L. (2012). A framework form marketing management (5th ed.). Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Meredith, B. (2002, February). Awesomely Disquieting. NZ Business, 16(1), 47. Meredith, B. (2005, December). When Leaders Don't Lead. NZ Business, 19(11), 70. Meredith, B. (2008, September). (How) marketing has changed. NZ Business, 22(8), 102. Pereira Heat, M. T., & Chatzidakis, A. (2012). 'Blame it on marketing': consumer's views on unsustainable competition. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 36, 661. Vidal Diaz, d. R. (1998). A single consumer or different types of consumers: An analysis of social types according to their customer habits. Brithish Food Journal, 100(7), 326.

Assess the usefulness of official statistics Essay

Official statistics are a source of secondary data. The government produces them. There are both hard and soft statistics. Hard statistics include birth, death and marriage rates. These are registered when they occur by law, so these statistics are entirely objective. Another type of official statistic is called soft statistics, e. g. crime statistics & unemployment figures. These might not seem as objective as they first seem. They are open to manipulation for political ends, and can be considered to have a political use. For example, the methods used to measure unemployment have been changed over 20 times, because not everyone without a job counts as unemployed. Official statistics are mainly used for the study of demography, inflation, crime and deviance, unemployment, poverty and suicide. For an example Emile Durkheim, regarded as the founding father of sociology, used official suicide statistics for his suicide study. He used them to find correlations and casual relations and identified four different types of suicide, egoistic suicide, anomic suicide, altruistic suicide and fatalistic suicide. Durkheim used positivist’s methods to conduct his study. Positivists believe that quantitative data is the most reliable method to gather information as the data is compiled in a standardised way. Douglas, an Interpretivist, would disagree with Durkheim’s positivist methods. He says that official statistics are not valid. To determine a death it is up to the ‘interpretations and decisions’ of the coroner and that statistics are nothing more than a ‘social construct’. Atkinson, also and Interpretivists says that it is impossible for coroners to objectively classify suicides because their decision is based on a ‘commonsense theory of suicide’ which is based on whether there is a suicide note, the method of death, the location and the deceased’s life history etc. When adapting quantitative methodological procedures to derive specific data, official statistics is often used as a source of sociological evidence to simply enhance or complement practical research methods. However when looking at what is gained from the use of official statistics, it is important to recognize the limitations, which serve as a major downside to developing and attaining an unquestionable and flawless research. In addition, not all documents are easily available e. g. the Black Report (1980) which identified inequalities in healthcare, was released in very select circumstances. Not all secondary data give us a valid, true and detailed picture of what is being measured, not just official statistics. Diaries/e-mails, it could be possible that the author lied or exaggerated about their activities Also, a document may not be reliable. Public documents are likely to be higher in terms of reliability than private documents like letters and personal documents such as diaries and e-mails data may be fake or unrepresentative. In conclusion, official statistics can be very useful in sociological research. Nearly all secondary data can’t be trusted and official statistics might be the only appropriate form of research for your topic.

JFK History essays

JFK History essays John Fitzgerald Kennedy, was the 35th president of the United States. He was the youngest man and the first Roman Catholic ever elected to the presidency. Rich, handsome, elegant, and articulate, he aroused great admiration at home and abroad. His term of office as president was too short, however, to say what his place in history might have been Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, on May 29, 1917. His father, Joseph P. Kennedy was a businessman who became a multimillionaire, head of the Securities and Exchange Commission, and ambassador to Great Britain. Kennedy graduated from Choate School in Wallingford, Connecticut. He then briefly attended Princeton University, and then entered Harvard University in 1936. At Harvard he wrote an honors thesis on British foreign policies in the 1930s. It was published in 1940, the year he graduated, under the title Why In 1941, shortly before the United States entered World War II, Kennedy joined the U.S. Navy. He attended a school to learn about the Patrol Torpedo boat. Kennedy was sent to the islands of the South Pacific Ocean where he was in charge of a Torpedo boat, everybody called him Skipper John Kennedy, the boat was called PT 109. The boat had been in battle and and it was dirty. The engines were in need of repair. J.F.K went to work, and soon the PT 109 was ready for war. J.F.K said, "the torpedos would sink any ship on the sea". Near an old pier the PT boats waited every day. When night came, they were ready for war. They drifted out into the ocean and listened for the sound of engines of enemy ships, for three or more nights they did that but they didn't find anything. One night in early autumm four enemy ships had been spotted near an island. The PT boats waited for dark so they wouldn't be seen. Slowly the PT 109 rode the black waves and every man of the crew listened. The crew could here the sou ...

Free Essays on Psychosomatics

The word " psychosomatics " is new. It was first used in German medical literature in 1922 but it didn't come to America until the 1930's. Phychosomatics is a term that studies emotions and bodily change. Huang Ti, from China, observed that frustration can make people physically ill. Many people have believed that the body could not be cured without the mind, while others still overlook phychosomatic principles despite the growing evidence that links emotions to physical illness. Studies have shown, and analyzed human behavior and by knowing the function of cells and tissues it helps in maintaining health. Phychosomatics is an approach of reforming medicine and this suggests new treatment in medicine, psychiatry, and psychology. Many psychosomatic conditions arrive under fear or anxiety. When you have a strong emotional reaction hormones are secreted and bodily chemistry is altered, when this reaction is strong a physical reaction will be equally the same. Emotions alter endocrine balance, blood supply, and pressure, inhibit digestion, and change breathing patterns, along with the temperature of the skin, a constant state of emotional imbalance may lead to a disease because of the over reaction of hormones. The body tries to be in a constant state of equilibrium, it has to maintain a balance of not to much nor too little, so if a factor upsets this the body adapts by altering its chemistry. This damages the rest of the organism causing a disease of adaptation. All illness has emotional components, except for inherited conditions such as sickle cell and disease caused by the environment such as food poisoning, though even with these diseases the emotional state often determines the course of the illness. Symptoms arrive through the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and when phychosomatic disorders are individually examined ANS is found in each of them. Examples of ANS are in the sweat glands, which are enervated only by the sy... Free Essays on Psychosomatics Free Essays on Psychosomatics The word " psychosomatics " is new. It was first used in German medical literature in 1922 but it didn't come to America until the 1930's. Phychosomatics is a term that studies emotions and bodily change. Huang Ti, from China, observed that frustration can make people physically ill. Many people have believed that the body could not be cured without the mind, while others still overlook phychosomatic principles despite the growing evidence that links emotions to physical illness. Studies have shown, and analyzed human behavior and by knowing the function of cells and tissues it helps in maintaining health. Phychosomatics is an approach of reforming medicine and this suggests new treatment in medicine, psychiatry, and psychology. Many psychosomatic conditions arrive under fear or anxiety. When you have a strong emotional reaction hormones are secreted and bodily chemistry is altered, when this reaction is strong a physical reaction will be equally the same. Emotions alter endocrine balance, blood supply, and pressure, inhibit digestion, and change breathing patterns, along with the temperature of the skin, a constant state of emotional imbalance may lead to a disease because of the over reaction of hormones. The body tries to be in a constant state of equilibrium, it has to maintain a balance of not to much nor too little, so if a factor upsets this the body adapts by altering its chemistry. This damages the rest of the organism causing a disease of adaptation. All illness has emotional components, except for inherited conditions such as sickle cell and disease caused by the environment such as food poisoning, though even with these diseases the emotional state often determines the course of the illness. Symptoms arrive through the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and when phychosomatic disorders are individually examined ANS is found in each of them. Examples of ANS are in the sweat glands, which are enervated only by the sy...

Chinese and Comparative Company Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Chinese and Comparative Company Law - Essay Example Nevertheless, some generally accepted knowledge includes that of constitutional document sometimes referred to as charter or agreement which is a certificate characterizing the existence of the entity which the law recognizes and allows acting as natural persons and regulating the structure and control of the entity and its members. It was generally accepted that the specific form of the constitutional documents depends upon the type of entity (Djankov, et al, 2002). On one side of the fence, common law is a system of law whose sources are the decisions in cases by judges. Besides, every system will have a legislature that passes new laws and statutes, nevertheless, these do not modify a collected and codified body of law. Common law comes from England and was passed on to Commonwealth countries, and almost every former colony of the British Empire (except for Malta and Scotland ). Furthermore, it is currently observed in, United Kingdom (excluding Scotland), United States (excluding Louisiana) Canada (excluding Quebec), Ireland, Australia, India, South Africa, and Hong Kong and in some other countries. In addition to these countries, several others have adapted the common law system into a mixed system. For instance, India, Pakistan, and Nigeria function largely on a common law system, however, incorporate religious law (Coffee, 2001). Likewise, company refer to a separate legal entity, as in English law, or may simply refer to a business, as i s the common use in the United States. In addition, a company may or may not be a separate legal entity. Any business or commercial economic activity may be referred to as a company; examples of this include "my company", "our company", "the company", and "their company". A corporation may accurately be called a company; nonetheless, a company should not necessarily be called a corporation, which has discrete characteristics. According to Black's Law Dictionary, in the U.S. a company could be a corporation, less commonly, an association, partnership or union, carrying industrial enterprise. Contract is a legally required trade of promises or an accord between parties that the law will implement. Contract law is based on the Latin phrase "pacta sunt servanda" literally, promises must be held in reserve. Breach of a contract is acknowledged by the law and remedies can be provided as many people make contracts everyday. Most of the times, written contracts are mandatory such as when buying a house. On the other hand, the enormous majority of contracts can be and are made orally, like the process where a vendor guarantees the material bought by a customer. Contract law is classified as part of a general law of obligations under civil law systems (La Porta et al, 1998). Therefore, it may be acceptable in China that constitutional documents in common law country may be seen as a contract between the company and the directors, but not in exact acceptable practices. This is so because one of the more prevalent reasons enterprises has second thoughts about doing business in China had been legal in context as there are no established laws that actually guard and protect the interests of investors (Ahlstrom, Nair, Young, 2003). While some countries adopt common law legal systems, judges have the authority and

Duress Is Not a Defence to Murder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Duress Is Not a Defence to Murder - Essay Example The word ‘duress’ can be explained as a compulsion on an accused by a third party to carry out a murder, or else , he might have witnessed a cruel harm, including death from such a third party.This research essay will analyse how duress cannot be claimed as a defence to murder as held in R v Howe with decided other case laws on the subject.Analysis In Attorney-General v Whelan, 2 it was held that duress is a threat with an instant death or grave body injury to the defendant, and if he refuses to carry out the order of a third party and it should be acknowledged as a validation for action, which would else be regarded as a criminal offense.3 In the earlier times, if duress is claimed as a defence, then the prosecution has the duty to prove beyond doubt that the defendant was not indulged in a crime under duress. However, now, the onus to prove the duress defence claims rests with an accused. Duress cannot be successful in case where there is a claim of peril of lesser har m such as damage to assets or false imprisonment. As held in R v Howe, if there is an instant threat of a serious body injury or death, then defence under duress can be claimed for crimes other than murder and treason.4 Under English law, duress as a defence is not available to attempted murder, murder, or any kind of treason. Hence, the crucial issue was whether duress was a valid defence in murder cases. A defendant may claim duress as an excuse that connotes the defendant had been compelled to act under such a harsh danger that precluding from the crime could not rationally be expected.6 Duress by circumstances and duress by threat are differentiated as to the basis of the threat. Duress per minas (by a threat) starts from a human peril while duress by circumstances involves a peril of natural origin. Both threats can qualify as a valid excuse. In DPP for Northern Ireland v Lynch, 7 Lord Simon observed that duress is just a specific usage of the canon of necessity. In this case, it was held by the Lords that defence of duress was available to a collaborator. In this case, the lords observed that where a defendant is left with two alternatives, which are between the peril of death or grave injury, and if he wantonly put an end to life of an innocent, an ordinary individual should think that one naive human life is as precious as that of his family members and in such event, the defendant cannot argue that he is preferring the least significant of the two evils. Likewise, in R v Gotts,8 it was held that duress is not a justification to an attempted slaughter.9 In normal parlance, the courts would not acknowledge a defence of duress when an abnormal injury is made by the defendant .This is known as a test of proportionality as held in R v Howe.10 Likewise, the duress shield can fail if the prosecution is able to demonstrate that the defendant had a chance to avert the threat from the third party by taking timely help from the police, and if the defendant negle cted to do so, the defence of duress would not be successful as held in R v Hasan.11 Lord Bingham in the R v Hasan case viewed that the peril may be to the defendant or to his family or to a known person of the defendant. Hence, peril against the welfare of the defendant’s family, or to his life or to the life of the person known to the defendant, will be an adequate proof of duress.12 In R v Fitzpatrick,13 it was held that a gang member who had been compelled to indulge in murder could not raise a defence of dur

Problems in Economic Development 's assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems in Economic Development 's - Assignment Example However, extensive stage of growth is where by growth in the economy is caused by intensive factors such as improved technology that help to increase production. As a result, economic growth is achieved. Developed countries experience this type of growth as they try to enhance production through improving technology. 3. a) Reversal of fortunes refers to the reversal of income distribution from the 1500 to the present. The richest civilizations in 1500 were the Aztec and the Incas. While the lowest civilizations were in North America, New Zealand and Australia, which were less, developed. However in present day, the US, Canada and New Zealand are richer than countries occupying territories of Mughal, Aztec and Incas. Therefore shows the reversal of fortune. b) The Simple Geography Hypothesis states that the time invariant effects of geographic variables, like climate and disease, on work effort, productivity, and output. However, this is contrary to the reversal of fortune, as countries that were prosperous in 1500 should still be prosperous today, as geographical features do not change. c) Europeans established these two institutions in their colonies. One was the extractive institutions, which concentrate power in the hands of small groups of elites and produce a high threat of expropriation for the mainstream population. The other was the institution of private property that are important for economic performance. They were established in the Aztec and the Incas empires. 4. a) Microfinance Institutions characteristics include: They offer small loans to start businesses. They also offer loans at lower rates than other financial institutions. Finally, the repayment dates are fixed and no negotiations are made unlike for other moneylenders. b) Microfinance Institutions have been successful to some point as people have started businesses and purchased larger durable goods that they would not have bought without such

A Practical Criticism Essay Example for Free

A Practical Criticism Essay This paragraph is a descriptive one. It sets the tone for the attitude of Dickens towards the workers, and the factories, which they inhabit. He describes Coketown as a shockingly realistic one and so in doing so further terrifies the reader into forcing them to open their eyes to the devastating world in which they inhabit. This is strange, as although Dickens is seemingly writing proletariat propaganda, his audience is in-fact the nobler classes. Therefore we could be jousted into believing that Dickens is fronting a more revolutionary and extremist movement, as this novel, ad the time of its publication is closely linked to the French revolution- which Dickens confronts in A Tale Of Two Cities- and Britains own industrial revolution. The emphasis hanging greatly on the latter. However here Dickens uses a masterful array of techniques in which to produce, if anything but concise, a well structured and detailed report upon the aesthetical roles of the workers. Dickens, by starting aesthetically, allows the reader to transform the basic principles in a manner in which to interpret the foundations of his novel. He uses much imagery to entice the reader into the story, and so allows the reader to get involved, which runs very consistently and conveniently with the origins of the story, as the story-line is one developed from his experiences and observations, of the lack of morality, ethics, and equality not just for a human but, cruelty suspended only for even animal like tendencies. Here he addresses the monotonous and repetitive life of the worker, which is reminiscent of a factory assembly line. Dickens here seems to be a firm believer of the notion that we are just all bit parts in the machine called life. He represents this through the fact that the workers will allow their work and their greed and will to progress to occupy their life to such an extent that it engulfs them. And destroys their very life turning it into a robotic nightmare, as they are too transfixed with a detached goal that they themselves become detached from life. The first three lines are descriptive ones, which describe the setting for which the description of the workers is to follow. This is a very distinct, technique, but one that is very Dickensian as it layers the detail until a complete picture of a vast magnitude of separate and individual objects, which are all commingled so to produce a comprehensive guise of the effigy that Dickens is trying to manifest. Here Dickens uses a contrast of adjectives so to not only add light to the picture but to also add colour, as Dickens presentations are so grand and meticulous that they allow you to revoke an exact image on which you can add or finish in accordance to your adoption of the subjects that Dickens so mildly scathes. Earlier on in the Chapter it is suggested that it is not often cheerful in Coketown; A SUNNY midsummer day. There was such a thing sometimes, even in Coketown. However Dickens having already affronted the situation of the weather, reengages in the daily pleasantries of setting and discussing the weather once more. This is used as an example of repetition whereby Dickens is trying to show that it is even a remarkably cheerful day among the factories. We can infer from this that Coketown has two separate breeds of weather, one for the town and another for the factory. This, therefore ray of sunshine is therefore repeated as it is a bout of astonishment, the astonishment being that not only is the sun shinning upon the factory, but that it is able to; as we are told that a heavy vapour droops over the town. This vapour is caused by the soot and smog produced by the factory. This is a primary reason why we are presented with a town, quite adequately named COKETOWN; this being so due to the manufacture of coke (A primary fuel made by heating coal until it is vaporised and evaporates to form a gas) heralding such a high standing in the usage and manufacture of fuels (Through the 1800-1920 coal was the major source of power and was used, as the only alternative to drive much of the machinery being produced in the industrial revolution). Dickens acknowledges that the pollution produced as a consequence would create a thick black smog that hung over the town, as if always having miserable weather, hence the use of light in the novel is very important as it is in scarce amounts, and so most of it is artificially generated, which continues the connection of the workers to the machinery that they slave upon. Yet Dickens pays much attention to the lighting and, so uses it in a strongly Biblical manner, where he illuminates- as if a ray of God or Hope- a character or object when it is of importance. He uses the light, as a spotlight so to beam down and allow that thing to stand out and be noticed. Much of this is subconscious techniques that inevitably draw our attention, so to coincide with that of Dickens, and so lead us along his chosen path and ideas. He therefore is dictating the course of events and the path in which we value, and follow them. He puts this to practise here where he parts the heavens so that the sun was so bright and so illuminated the factory. Here Dickens seems to freeze the course of action, so to explain to his audience the significance of this by describing the factory, and the procedures, which occur inside. It is here that Dickens begins to really piece together the puzzle that he has created by edifying the gravity of the factory combined with the impact and dictating role that it has upon its workers lives. Dickens adds a final note that it could not be looked at steadily. He does this so to relate to us just how intense the light is, so that we can digest the information and understand the deeper more into place and constructed motives behind the description. The Stokers whom he refers to, are the people that burned the coal, it is strange yet justified that he introduces them by surfacing them above ground, from their underground home. Here Dickens is condemning people. He is using the darkness and filth, to show that the job is unsanitary. He describes them as rising from underground, which shows me that this is ambiguous, as it primarily, suggests a rising of the dead. This connotation can be used if he means that the men in mind are dead, and only resurface in body from their telling and taxing work. However it could also mean the underground, which would connote to Hell and the Underworld, showing a somewhat style of imprisonment. The black soot that dresses the workers could be a means of describing the workers as second-class citizens, as during this time Slavery (Which Charles Dickens did not condemn) was common place, and the slaves were of African origins, and so the soot may be a symbolic reference. The next sentence shows the lack of care or of standard of life for the workers as they all piled out into factory yards and had to make makeshift seats etc There were no benefits, or luxuries for doing such a dangerous job, and all they had during their break was a yard, which they could sit. This shows the greed, and immorality of the factory owners, as they had no consideration for the workers; all they saw them as was workers, and a means to progress under the workers strains. Dickens in the meanwhile, although documenting on such an atrocious act of humanity, makes it somewhat poetic, by his short spells of alliteration: sat on steps posts, and palings contemplating coals. It is the final piece that intrigues me the most. Here, in his abrupt, inventory-like ramblings, we see a great collage of punctuation; he uses the repetition of and in a child-like manner, which only adds to the satire of the paragraph, as he constructs the sentence with a plethora of suspense, which builds an ascendancy of dismay. He also makes use of the comma to break up the sentence, where the final moiety seems to belong to a separate sentence. He creates a rambling through this technique of issuing objects, as if he was checking them, in a Gradgrind, utilitarian-like roster.

The Underworld as the Key to Living the Greek Life Essay -- Odyssey

The Underworld as the Key to Living the Greek Life Beyond relaying a fantastic journey, featuring a glorified hero who embodies to perfection Greek ideals, Homer uses the epic books of The Odyssey to explore all the nuances of Greek culture. Each part of The Odyssey possesses a purpose beyond detailing popular mythology. Book Eleven’s Underworld becomes the culmination of all the values and ideals that Homer touches on in prior books. Homer uses the underworld as a catchall to reinforce societal protocol and religion among other things. Specifically, by focusing on the reason for Odysseus’ journey, the journey itself, the scenery of the Underworld and its occupants, Homer reveals and reinforces views on kleos, the role men and women play in society, the proper hero, religion – especially in conjunction with fate and the idea of death and rebirth. Homer’s carefully crafted views can be experienced relative to Odysseus’ journey, starting on Circe’s island. Homer sets a sumptuous scene, but Odysseus’ men are called by duty and the need to return to their homes. It is the men that spur on Odysseus. Like a responsible leader and hero, Odysseus responds immediately to his men’s pleas and, with the help of Hermes foresight, he makes plans to leave Circe’s island. This shows not only Odysseus’ responsible behavior, but also the gods’ anticipation of Odysseus’ actions. Bit by bit, in scenarios like this, the gods reveal their knowledge of fate, which their actions support. Odysseus requests that Circe â€Å"make good a promise† to which she favorably answers, adding that she will help him (10:532). Beyond the fact that a promise holds Circe to freeing Odysseus, her heritage as a goddess allows her to know that eventually he must... ...ot use The Odyssey as an editorial; rather, his oral epic artfully entwines the desolate landscape of the Underworld, the flitting shades, and Odysseus’ interactions with deeper visions of a well-structured society. As a bard, Homer keenly felt the importance of the host-guest relationship with his aristoi hosts. He achieves his purpose while spinning tales that would be entertaining to his audiences. What Homer leaves behind is a legacy that engages in discourse with the past and present and which future literature will emulate, comment on and celebrate. Works Cited Dimock, George. The Unity of The Odyssey. Amherst: U of Mass. Press, 1989. Foley, John Miles. Homer’s Traditional Art. PA: Penn State UP, 1999. Griffin, Jasper. Homer on Life and Death. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Homer. The Odyssey. Ed. Robert Fagels. New York: Penguin Books, 1996.

Energy crises of Pakistan

The unabated spate of load shedding throughout Pakistan has made life difficult to live in this sizzling summer. The unending energy crisis with power outages for more than 15 hours on daily basis has also dealt a severe blow to the national economy. Resultantly, business units and factories are getting shut down and layoffs of the workers are reported to be running in hundreds of thousands with grave implications for already burgeoning unemployment and poverty. According to a careful estimate, the difference between demand and supply is above five thousand megawatts, which is likely to increase as the weather gets even hotter in the months of June and July. The monster of load shedding first raised its head in 2007 and the national power scene has been becoming uglier with every passing year. There have been minor fluctuations and readjustments between demand and supply due to weather and water factors but the crisis on the whole has remained consistent in its lethality and ugliness. The criticality of situation warranted urgent policy response at the highest level but the same was not forthcoming, thanks to red-tapism and perennial malaise afflicting our decision-making processes. The questions arise in the background of severity of the crisis: has Pakistan in reality been deprived of treasure of energy? Do we have no alternative system to produce electricity in the country? Can we establish energy market, the biggest in the region through collaboration with neighbouring India and other countries? These are the questions whose answers should be in the affirmative, which should not be less than a glad tiding for the people hit hard by crises of different nature. Resort to empty promises, a favourite pastime of the government, would not help. It is about time that the government made practical strategies to resolve the energy crisis on the war footing basis without any further delay. Geographically Pakistan is located in a region where neighbouring country, India, is emerging as an economic giant. Despite massive use of energy to meet the growing demands of economic development, there is no load shedding in India. Among other countries of the region, Bangladesh is the only country whose local reservoirs of power are more than that of Pakistan. Economically speaking, India is ahead of Pakistan and Bangladesh but in terms of being self-sufficient in power, even Bangladesh is far ahead of Pakistan. Islamabad stands at number three in the field of power generation. Despite this power generation potential, the country suffers from the worst bouts of power crisis courtesy internal and external factors. If Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and other countries of the region launch power generation initiatives jointly, they cannot only strengthen their diplomatic and economic ties but also earn precious foreign exchange by exporting the surplus electricity. These countries are home to vast natural sources of energy. All countries of South Asia can launch a joint project of power grid. Nepal and Bhutan are two countries blessed with maximum of natural gas, which is used more than electricity. On the other hand, there are issues in regard to planning of natural resources and installation of power lines to ensure flow of electricity in these countries of the region. Despite this, when we look at the natural resources in these countries, it becomes certain that only these countries forming the energy bloc would stand to benefit in the future energy scenario. However, they would have to take steps to attract the attention of international investors. If these countries succeed to formulate a joint strategy, it would not only help them overcome their energy crunch, but also establish a trade bloc in South Asia. A brief detail of some of the models is given here below to become self-sufficient in the power sector: According to an analysis undertaken in the countries of South Asia, it has become known that if they formulate long-term policy of natural resources, they can save electricity from 6% to 13%. South African countries had undertaken this experiment first of all by which the countries of the region were able to save up to 100 billion dollars. If the South Asian countries take a leaf from the book of their African counterparts, there is no reason why they do not become self-sufficient in energy resources. Implementation of this model would also promote the intra-regional trade besides offering solution to the power crisis. Pakistan should be a strong proponent of this model given its huge energy deficit and demand. A long-term policy will need to be worked out spanning over 10 to 12 years. The broad contours of policy would include power agreements, long-term policy, and cooperation in the field of engineering, etc. The government of Pakistan has already formulated a ten-year plan but it is not in sync with the ground realities. There is a difference between resources and planning. By acting upon this model named s South Asian Power Pool, Pakistan, India and other regional countries can become success stories in the conservation and self-sufficiency of natural resources. The major benefits accruing from this model are the way out of present power crisis and enhancement of regional trade through striking of preferential trade agreements. Import of hydropower from India, Bhutan and Nepal can provide us with a big push to go ahead with this plan. Last but not the least, the South Asian countries can ink a regional agreement known as South Asian Regional Energy Trade (SARET) based on revolutionary steps to enhance energy trade in the region. However, in order to ease out the situation, urgent measures need to be taken. This includes the equal distribution of load shedding throughout Pakistan without any exception. The issues of non-payment to IPPs and circular debt need to be sorted out as a matter of priority to generate electricity according to full installed capacity. The matter of import of electricity from Iran should be dealt with on priority basis besides working out workable strategy to cut down line losses, which are the major source of wastage of electricity in the country. To conclude, it can be said that energy crunch is both regional and global issue and regional efforts need to be made to overcome this deficit. Time is long past when issues of urgent nature were kept pending due to political expediency. Pakistan, a country hit hard by power crisis, needs to reach out to Iran, Turkey and other central Asian countries for import of electricity on urgent basis to ease things out. Time to act is now.