The Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of...

John B. Watson work on classical behaviorism that paved the way for B. F. Skinners radical or operant behaviorism which has had a large impact on educational systems. Watson was one of the influential psychologists of the twentieth century. His material is still used in most psychology and educational psychology texts. Watson helped with defining the study of behavior anticipated Skinners emphasis on operant conditioning and the importance of learning and environmental influences in human development. Watson’s criticized of Sigmund Freud has been given credit for helping to disseminate principles of Freudian psychoanalysis. Watson is known for the Little Albert study and his dozen healthy infants quote.†¦show more content†¦Example; you have a cat and the cat just playing around with a ball and when you throw the ball at the cat and the cat catches it and you give him a treat. The cat is starts to catch the ball as you throw it in the air .The operant is the behavior prior to. The cat will stop the trick which you’re were enjoying. This is called extinction of the operant behavior. If you were to start showing the dog treats then likely the cat with start doing the tricks again and more quickly than the cat learned at first. This is because the return of the reinforcer takes place in a reinforcement history that goes all the way back to the first time the cat was reinforced for doing the tricks. Freud and Skinner agree that human behavior is the result of outside barriers that hinder the ideal of free will. Skinner believes that humans in good environment can live happy while Freud understands that humans are design to live in some degree of anguish or discontent. Skinner uses the example of Walden Two to illustrate his ideas of how human behavior should be formed. Skinner’s argues on how to eliminate what he knows as problematic rests on his prescription of dismissing the notion of individual freedom. Skinner does not only say that the ideal of individual freedom is farce. He takes further and states that the search for it is whereShow MoreRelatedThe Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe Role of Research and Statistics in the Field of Psychology Abstract Research and statistics are essential elements within the field of Psychology. Through the evolution of technology, the task of conducting adequate research and statistics methods have become abundant in methodology. Because of such, research collection and experimentation approaches of researchers and Psychologists, greatly vary in specificity. 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Traditionally, their roles focus around the various stages during childhood and adolescence due in part to the rapid changes experienced during the first stages of life, however they are not limited to those age groups. Undergraduate and graduate degreesRead MoreExamination of Clinical Psychology1665 Words   |  7 PagesClinical psychology is a broad science that involves psychologists ensuring the mental well-being of a patient. Its focus is diagnosing, treating, and if possible, averting psychological disorders. The field of clinical psychology applies to every demographic from young children to the elderly, families or individuals, and one’s socioeconomic status is not a factor in whether he or she should receive treatment. 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I will cover all aspects of this career including a definition of what it involves on a day to day basis, why I have chosen this career as my subject of interest, common personality characteristics and values that go along well with this job. I will also talk about the minimum requirements

Let The Truth Be Told - 1290 Words

Let the Truth be Told The silence was cut by a painful scream. I sat up alone on an unfamiliar bed, my warm cheeks evaporated the tears that rushed down my face. My two month vacation at Mexico in the summer of 2009 would change my childhood understanding of loss. I stayed at my grandparent s two story house where I slept alone in one room and next to that room my mom and sibling s slept. Through the window that connected the two rooms I watched my mom cry uncontrollably. She had her hand over her chest and yelled, No puede ser! My cousin, Vanessa, calmly stood in front of my devastated mother and told her about the horrible car accident her sister got into. There was an ache in my chest that I had never felt before; I tried my†¦show more content†¦My grandma s love for my cousin was special and she needed to be next to Claribel. My grandpa had no other choice than to follow along and jump into his red expedition. There were only two possible hospitals that Claribel could be in. My grandpa dro ve to the nearest hospital and my grandma would constantly yell at him to drive faster. He parked the car and my grandma demanded my grandpa to check if Claribel was a patient. He did as told and we patiently waited in the car for him to come back. As he walked back and opened the car door, my grandpa immediately told us that Claribel was not there. I was feeling a bit nervous as we started heading out to the only other hospital in town. This time when my grandpa parked the car my grandma insisted that she and I check. I moved swiftly and carefully to get her out of the Ford red Expedition. I locked my arm with hers and we walked to the small entrance of the hospital. I noticed the fluid movement of nurses and people walking in and out of the hospital as we approached the front desk to ask for information on my cousin. Estoy buscando a mi nieta, my grandma calmly spoke, ella estuvo en un accidente feo. Como se llama? questioned the lady. Claribel Ramos Lo sentimos no tenemos ninguna informacià ³n Como es que no sabes, la quiero ver. I stood shyly as I listened to them argue. I did not know how to ease the situation. A nurse happened toShow MoreRelatedEmily Dickinsons Tell All the Truth but Tell It Slant Explication 944 Words   |  4 PagesDickinson’s â€Å"Tell all the Truth but tell it slant-† brings to light the overwhelming theme of how one should tell the truth. It also illuminates the development of the extended metaphor of comparing truth to light. From the very beginning of the poem, the speaker is instructing on the best way to tell the truth. Dickinson, through a use of a specific technique of rhyming, literary elements, and different forms of figurative language, establishes the importance of not telling the truth all at once. AlliterationRead MorePoem Essay : The Hiding Place By Casper Ten Boom862 Words   |  4 Pagesteaching them. 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This was necessary for upholding the position of aRead MoreEssay on Oedipus the King: Oedipus Struggle with Fate and Free Will771 Words   |  4 Pagesis summoned to find the person who is unclean. When he comes, he asks to be sent away because he fears the truth. Oedipus demands that Teiresias tell him the truth. Teiresias tells Oedipus that he is the unclean person that is causing the city so much pain. In the example Oedipus is just asking to be accused of the crime, Teiresias has already warned him he doesnt need to know the truth. So the irony is Oedipus had no idea that the person who killed Laius would be himself. After hearing thisRead MoreThe Communication Principle in the Book of Psalms Essay665 Words   |  3 Pagesoutlined in this paper is about communicating lies and what the outcome of lying is. In the book of Psalm, it explains very clear about the bibles stance on lying. 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The Way As Seen In Taoism And Confucianism Essay Example For Students

The Way As Seen In Taoism And Confucianism Essay Taoism and Confucianism are both very complex and important religions of their time. Both mainly Asian religions, these creeds were more prominent in the times they were developed then they are today. Each of these religions had a certain belief that there was a Way that things should happen and should work so that goodness and peace will regulate in the world. Confucius was the founder of Confucianism. His works were taught in the Confucian Analects. His sense of mission to be a human among other humans. He was said to have fortune cookie knowledge and was admired by many people, including his many followers. Lao Tzu is the founder of Taoism. His teachings are found from the Te-tao-ching. Lao Tzu beliefs were nature based around nature. Each of these teachers taught a great deal to their followers about their beliefs and we see that through the works they left behind. Confucius was willing to teach and learn with anyone who came to him; once he even accepted an uncapped youth though he stated that he was not responsible for what the youth did when he left. He once struck a man who was waiting for him in a sprawling position in the shins with his staff, declaring that youths that show no respect for their elders achieve nothing, and those who merely get older are useless pests. He observed that one youth seemed to be more interested in growing up quickly than in improving himself. He expected his students to desire learning and think for themselves. As long as the student was making effort, regardless of his progress he would help him. He even encouraged them to compete with him in goodness. However, he found that most of them were looking for the rewards of a career. He was glad when students stayed with him rather than accepting the first position offered; though he did emphasize that the model sayings were to be carried out in practice. The rational Confucius did not act without knowing why; he heard much and selected what is good to follow, calling it the second type of knowledge. He once spent a whole day meditating without food and all night without sleep, but found that it was better for him to learn. Confucius thought that education was very important. He has a section in the Analects dedicated to his own love of learning. Confucius thought that educating people was very important. He educated people not only by teaching them physically but also by teaching through his sayings in the Analects. One of the sayings from his Love of Learning section is as follows; Confucius said: Sometimes I have gone the whole day without and food, and gone the whole night without any sleep, giving myself to though. It was no use. It was better to learn. (Confucian Analects, XV: 30 pg. 23:15) He educated people on such topics as Humanity, Filial Piety, Rites and Music and perhaps one of the most important teaching of The Gentleman. This was a group of sayings by Confucius about how one man should act accordingly as opposed to how and inferior man would act in comparison. An example of his sayings on how the gentleman should act is Confucius said: The gentleman reaches upward, the inferior man reaches downward. (Analects XIV: 23 pg.31:86) Confucius also believed a great deal in filial piety which was a certain respect for your parents because they gave you life. He devoted many of his teaching to his thought on filial piety as seen here: Confucius said: The upright men among us are not like that. .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .postImageUrl , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:hover , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:visited , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:active { border:0!important; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:active , .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u840857ea7ae7f63f040e5efd3495216c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Racial Profiling Essay A father will screen his son and a son his father yet the uprightness is to be found in that (Analects, XIII:18 pg. 28:59) Confucius thought of himself as a transmitter of the ancient culture, not a creator of new ideas. He held nothing back from his students and consulted with them as friends on every step. Yet he realized it is useless to speak of higher things to those who are below average. Listening silently and learning and teaching untiringly were natural to Confucius. Taoism is a very strong and complex religion that .

Organizational Research Internal and External Consultants

Introduction Research has been widely used to generate knowledge and to solve problems. This paper will describe basic and applied research, internal and external research consultants and state the purpose of organizational research in using the PC software.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Organizational Research: Internal and External Consultants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It will define research, state how to conduct research, state the research process and show how research is scientific. Definition of terms, explanation of their uses in research and the hypothesis testing procedure will be covered in this paper. Basic and applied research Basic or pure research is conducted for the sake of increasing knowledge. Moreover, basic research investigates the topics that are scientific in nature. For instance, research has been conducted to find out how the universe began to exist. Basic research has no c ommercial basis and does not seek to invent for commercial purpose. In most cases, basic research is supported by the state because today’s invention may be useful a decade later. Researchers believe that basic research leads to the growth of a certain field. On the other hand, applied research is done to solve problems and to improve the conditions of a situation. An example of applied research is research conducted to establish the cause of slow movement of goods in the market. Applied research builds on basic research. It can be done for commercial objectives. In simple terms, applied research can only be done in a situation where there is a problem while basic research is done in a situation where knowledge is needed for the sake of increasing information and quenching curiosity. Internal and external consultants The internal and external research consultants are people capable of doing research and giving the best results. Internal researchers are agents within the organ ization while the external researchers work for the organization because of their experiences from previous consultations.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The internal research department of a company has the advantage of knowing the company’s internal system. It is conversant with the history of the organization and is aware of the details of the organization’s goals and objectives. On the other hand, external research consultants bring new ideas and are believed to be objective. The external consultants are timed, and expensive. Besides knowing the systems, the internal consultants also understand the culture, symbols and the language of the organization Some of the challenges that can be faced when using internal research consultants include the challenge of conducting research to the same people they interact with everyday and have formed a relationshi p already. This may cause them to have preconceptions about some of the employees in the organization. Hiring internal consultants also has financial implications to the organization as the cost of keeping an internal research consultant is higher than that of hiring an external consultant. This is because they take a long period of time before the final success is realized. Despite the cost implications on the side of the organizations, it is still advisable for organizations to consider hiring internal consultants instead of external ones. This is because they have the advantage of being available all the time and they also understand the organization’s objectives better. Purposes for which organizational research can progress with the currently available PC software An organization can conduct research using the currently available PC software for it to be able to deal with a problem within the organization. The available PC software can enable a person to analyze data tha t has been computed, obtain results and interpret them. The computer, through a network, can enable the researcher to collect data by sending questionnaires to employees working in the company and receiving responses to the questions through email. This software allows progress in research because it makes collection of data easy and saves on the cost as well as time.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Organizational Research: Internal and External Consultants specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More When the problems are discovered, the PC software can allow for another survey to monitor progress and changes that occur by obtaining information and analyzing it. Since the software remains the property of the organization, it can be used for doing research for all the departments within the organization. For this reason, repeated research can help the organization make discoveries that can help expand the company and o btain more revenue. For instance, it can lead to a discovery on how to motivate the employees. The motivated employees in turn become creative and contribute ways of dealing with problems. Fewer problems lead to the organizational success. Defining research, how to conduct research, research process and how research is scientific Research is an organized way of conducting investigation with the aim of getting information or solving a problem. When conducting a research, the researcher chooses a topic and clearly outlines the scope. Then, the researcher reviews literature on the chosen topic to familiarize themselves with the latest publications on the topic and to ensure their research topic has not been covered. The researcher then plans and executes the research and obtains findings. Thereafter, the findings are compared to existing knowledge so that they can come up with the conclusion. After the conclusion a report is written about the research and conclusion for different audie nces, like the general public or the authorities or the other scholars. The researcher can then publicize the findings of the research. A research process is a progression of steps that are taken by a researcher to conduct a comprehensive and accurate research. The major steps include: identifying and developing a topic, literature review, evaluation, analysis and reporting. A research is considered scientific when it adheres to the steps and standards of scientific research. Scientific research is characterized by a set goal, interpretation of the results, replication, accumulation of knowledge and a conclusion. Scientific research is also verifiable and unbiased. Explaining terms used in research Null hypothesis A null hypothesis is a type of hypothesis, usually in statistics, that indicate a possible rejection of the statistical significance. It can also be argued that a null hypothesis is a hypothesis that a researcher attempts to disapprove.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Replicability Replicability is a term used in research to refer to the potential of a research study to be repeated in diverse conditions and with different subjects to establish the accuracy of the original research. The aim is to determine if the conclusion or findings can be generalized to be true in similar circumstances and to subjects with the same characteristics. Moderator variable A moderator variable has the capability of altering the other variables in the analysis of qualitative and quantitative research. It is independent on both the qualitative and quantitative variables. It affects the causal relationship between the two variables. Cross-sectional study A cross- sectional study is a type of research method where the entire population, or a section of the population, is observed at a specific time. The study gives the observation of the population rather than selected subjects with certain characteristics. This study can provide a lot of information about prevalence of a behavior or disease and give additional information about causes. Comparing and contrasting terms Primary and Secondary Data Primary data is information collected by the researcher himself from the field. An example of primary data is observations from an experiment. Secondary data is information that has been collected by someone else other than the researcher. It includes: census, records from a business organization and books. Primary data is not recorded and translated unlike secondary data which has to be recorded. Field study versus Comparative study A field study is a method where subjects are studied in their natural setting. The researcher avoids relocating the subjects and makes observation when they are in their own setting. On the other hand, comparative study involves studying subjects by comparing observations obtained from different research studies. Comparative study allows comparison of characteristics while field study gives characteristics for a specific settin g. Bibliography and References Both bibliography and references are recorded at the end of a research. They are also written in alphabetical order. Bibliography is a list that indicates materials used in writing an essay or writing a book. On the other hand, references are the sources of information that have been referred to in the essay, article or even a book. A bibliography does not have to be in the referenced text. Criterion and Predictor Variable Criterion and predictor variables are both used to establish relationship of regression in statistics. Criterion variable is the variable that is measured in a regression. On the other hand, predictor variable is simply a variable that can be used to determine the value of a specific variable. Short notes of terms Panel Studies Panel studies are investigations done on the same subjects at different times. The study assists the researcher to note changes that occur after duration of time in a given population. It is important when a r esearcher wants to understand a cause and effect relationship between variables. Open-ended vs. Closed questions Open ended questions are questions that make the interviewee give more than one answer. The answer can be an explanation and the researcher does not limit the answers, hence it is called open ended. On the other hand closed questions are questions whose answers are finite. They can be yes, no, or no response depending on the structure of the questionnaire. Participant Observation Participant observation is a type of research where the researcher observes the subjects of research by being involved in their activities or by living with them. Besides direct observation, the researcher can interview, participate in discussion and analyze records of the subjects of study. Social Desirability Social desirability happens when respondents give a response that would be viewed as favorable by the interviewer. The respondents answer questions underestimating failures or bad actions and overestimating success or good activities in question. An example is when answering a question about the success of a company; employees will tend to talk of the positive side and overlook the negative side. Operational Definition Operational definition is used to give the exact measure of a term or variable in a research. It eradicates confusion by giving specific details of the term and its measure. It differentiates similar terms by stating what would make the observations be considered to belong to a certain term and not the other. The hypothesis testing procedure The procedure for testing a hypothesis involves first stating the hypothesis. This is done by stating the null hypothesis which should be mutually exclusive to the alternative hypothesis. For instance if 0 is obtained then X is true. Then, the next step is the analysis plan which involves selecting the significance level. They may be ranging from 0- 0.5. The testing method is also indicated and the sampling distrib utions together with the test statistic are put to test. The researcher can use the mean to establish the probability. If the probability range does not fall within the level of significance, then the null hypothesis is not accepted. The next step is to analyze the data obtained from the sample. The statistics are then tested using the standard deviation if the null hypothesis involves a mean. If there are categories, then the chi- square is used to test statistic. Interpreting the result is the final step. The researcher uses the stated hypothesis to interpret the answer. For instance, if the results show no likelihood of the null hypothesis becoming true, then the null hypothesis is rejected. This implies that the values do not fall within the level of significance, hence reject the null hypothesis. Conclusion Research is scientific and can be used to obtain accurate information following scientific process. There are various methods that can be used to collect data like participa nt observation. After collecting the data the statistics can be tested by following the hypothesis testing procedure. This assessment on Organizational Research: Internal and External Consultants was written and submitted by user Nightmare to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.