Problems in Economic Development 's assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Problems in Economic Development 's - Assignment Example However, extensive stage of growth is where by growth in the economy is caused by intensive factors such as improved technology that help to increase production. As a result, economic growth is achieved. Developed countries experience this type of growth as they try to enhance production through improving technology. 3. a) Reversal of fortunes refers to the reversal of income distribution from the 1500 to the present. The richest civilizations in 1500 were the Aztec and the Incas. While the lowest civilizations were in North America, New Zealand and Australia, which were less, developed. However in present day, the US, Canada and New Zealand are richer than countries occupying territories of Mughal, Aztec and Incas. Therefore shows the reversal of fortune. b) The Simple Geography Hypothesis states that the time invariant effects of geographic variables, like climate and disease, on work effort, productivity, and output. However, this is contrary to the reversal of fortune, as countries that were prosperous in 1500 should still be prosperous today, as geographical features do not change. c) Europeans established these two institutions in their colonies. One was the extractive institutions, which concentrate power in the hands of small groups of elites and produce a high threat of expropriation for the mainstream population. The other was the institution of private property that are important for economic performance. They were established in the Aztec and the Incas empires. 4. a) Microfinance Institutions characteristics include: They offer small loans to start businesses. They also offer loans at lower rates than other financial institutions. Finally, the repayment dates are fixed and no negotiations are made unlike for other moneylenders. b) Microfinance Institutions have been successful to some point as people have started businesses and purchased larger durable goods that they would not have bought without such

A Practical Criticism Essay Example for Free

A Practical Criticism Essay This paragraph is a descriptive one. It sets the tone for the attitude of Dickens towards the workers, and the factories, which they inhabit. He describes Coketown as a shockingly realistic one and so in doing so further terrifies the reader into forcing them to open their eyes to the devastating world in which they inhabit. This is strange, as although Dickens is seemingly writing proletariat propaganda, his audience is in-fact the nobler classes. Therefore we could be jousted into believing that Dickens is fronting a more revolutionary and extremist movement, as this novel, ad the time of its publication is closely linked to the French revolution- which Dickens confronts in A Tale Of Two Cities- and Britains own industrial revolution. The emphasis hanging greatly on the latter. However here Dickens uses a masterful array of techniques in which to produce, if anything but concise, a well structured and detailed report upon the aesthetical roles of the workers. Dickens, by starting aesthetically, allows the reader to transform the basic principles in a manner in which to interpret the foundations of his novel. He uses much imagery to entice the reader into the story, and so allows the reader to get involved, which runs very consistently and conveniently with the origins of the story, as the story-line is one developed from his experiences and observations, of the lack of morality, ethics, and equality not just for a human but, cruelty suspended only for even animal like tendencies. Here he addresses the monotonous and repetitive life of the worker, which is reminiscent of a factory assembly line. Dickens here seems to be a firm believer of the notion that we are just all bit parts in the machine called life. He represents this through the fact that the workers will allow their work and their greed and will to progress to occupy their life to such an extent that it engulfs them. And destroys their very life turning it into a robotic nightmare, as they are too transfixed with a detached goal that they themselves become detached from life. The first three lines are descriptive ones, which describe the setting for which the description of the workers is to follow. This is a very distinct, technique, but one that is very Dickensian as it layers the detail until a complete picture of a vast magnitude of separate and individual objects, which are all commingled so to produce a comprehensive guise of the effigy that Dickens is trying to manifest. Here Dickens uses a contrast of adjectives so to not only add light to the picture but to also add colour, as Dickens presentations are so grand and meticulous that they allow you to revoke an exact image on which you can add or finish in accordance to your adoption of the subjects that Dickens so mildly scathes. Earlier on in the Chapter it is suggested that it is not often cheerful in Coketown; A SUNNY midsummer day. There was such a thing sometimes, even in Coketown. However Dickens having already affronted the situation of the weather, reengages in the daily pleasantries of setting and discussing the weather once more. This is used as an example of repetition whereby Dickens is trying to show that it is even a remarkably cheerful day among the factories. We can infer from this that Coketown has two separate breeds of weather, one for the town and another for the factory. This, therefore ray of sunshine is therefore repeated as it is a bout of astonishment, the astonishment being that not only is the sun shinning upon the factory, but that it is able to; as we are told that a heavy vapour droops over the town. This vapour is caused by the soot and smog produced by the factory. This is a primary reason why we are presented with a town, quite adequately named COKETOWN; this being so due to the manufacture of coke (A primary fuel made by heating coal until it is vaporised and evaporates to form a gas) heralding such a high standing in the usage and manufacture of fuels (Through the 1800-1920 coal was the major source of power and was used, as the only alternative to drive much of the machinery being produced in the industrial revolution). Dickens acknowledges that the pollution produced as a consequence would create a thick black smog that hung over the town, as if always having miserable weather, hence the use of light in the novel is very important as it is in scarce amounts, and so most of it is artificially generated, which continues the connection of the workers to the machinery that they slave upon. Yet Dickens pays much attention to the lighting and, so uses it in a strongly Biblical manner, where he illuminates- as if a ray of God or Hope- a character or object when it is of importance. He uses the light, as a spotlight so to beam down and allow that thing to stand out and be noticed. Much of this is subconscious techniques that inevitably draw our attention, so to coincide with that of Dickens, and so lead us along his chosen path and ideas. He therefore is dictating the course of events and the path in which we value, and follow them. He puts this to practise here where he parts the heavens so that the sun was so bright and so illuminated the factory. Here Dickens seems to freeze the course of action, so to explain to his audience the significance of this by describing the factory, and the procedures, which occur inside. It is here that Dickens begins to really piece together the puzzle that he has created by edifying the gravity of the factory combined with the impact and dictating role that it has upon its workers lives. Dickens adds a final note that it could not be looked at steadily. He does this so to relate to us just how intense the light is, so that we can digest the information and understand the deeper more into place and constructed motives behind the description. The Stokers whom he refers to, are the people that burned the coal, it is strange yet justified that he introduces them by surfacing them above ground, from their underground home. Here Dickens is condemning people. He is using the darkness and filth, to show that the job is unsanitary. He describes them as rising from underground, which shows me that this is ambiguous, as it primarily, suggests a rising of the dead. This connotation can be used if he means that the men in mind are dead, and only resurface in body from their telling and taxing work. However it could also mean the underground, which would connote to Hell and the Underworld, showing a somewhat style of imprisonment. The black soot that dresses the workers could be a means of describing the workers as second-class citizens, as during this time Slavery (Which Charles Dickens did not condemn) was common place, and the slaves were of African origins, and so the soot may be a symbolic reference. The next sentence shows the lack of care or of standard of life for the workers as they all piled out into factory yards and had to make makeshift seats etc There were no benefits, or luxuries for doing such a dangerous job, and all they had during their break was a yard, which they could sit. This shows the greed, and immorality of the factory owners, as they had no consideration for the workers; all they saw them as was workers, and a means to progress under the workers strains. Dickens in the meanwhile, although documenting on such an atrocious act of humanity, makes it somewhat poetic, by his short spells of alliteration: sat on steps posts, and palings contemplating coals. It is the final piece that intrigues me the most. Here, in his abrupt, inventory-like ramblings, we see a great collage of punctuation; he uses the repetition of and in a child-like manner, which only adds to the satire of the paragraph, as he constructs the sentence with a plethora of suspense, which builds an ascendancy of dismay. He also makes use of the comma to break up the sentence, where the final moiety seems to belong to a separate sentence. He creates a rambling through this technique of issuing objects, as if he was checking them, in a Gradgrind, utilitarian-like roster.

The Underworld as the Key to Living the Greek Life Essay -- Odyssey

The Underworld as the Key to Living the Greek Life Beyond relaying a fantastic journey, featuring a glorified hero who embodies to perfection Greek ideals, Homer uses the epic books of The Odyssey to explore all the nuances of Greek culture. Each part of The Odyssey possesses a purpose beyond detailing popular mythology. Book Eleven’s Underworld becomes the culmination of all the values and ideals that Homer touches on in prior books. Homer uses the underworld as a catchall to reinforce societal protocol and religion among other things. Specifically, by focusing on the reason for Odysseus’ journey, the journey itself, the scenery of the Underworld and its occupants, Homer reveals and reinforces views on kleos, the role men and women play in society, the proper hero, religion – especially in conjunction with fate and the idea of death and rebirth. Homer’s carefully crafted views can be experienced relative to Odysseus’ journey, starting on Circe’s island. Homer sets a sumptuous scene, but Odysseus’ men are called by duty and the need to return to their homes. It is the men that spur on Odysseus. Like a responsible leader and hero, Odysseus responds immediately to his men’s pleas and, with the help of Hermes foresight, he makes plans to leave Circe’s island. This shows not only Odysseus’ responsible behavior, but also the gods’ anticipation of Odysseus’ actions. Bit by bit, in scenarios like this, the gods reveal their knowledge of fate, which their actions support. Odysseus requests that Circe â€Å"make good a promise† to which she favorably answers, adding that she will help him (10:532). Beyond the fact that a promise holds Circe to freeing Odysseus, her heritage as a goddess allows her to know that eventually he must... ...ot use The Odyssey as an editorial; rather, his oral epic artfully entwines the desolate landscape of the Underworld, the flitting shades, and Odysseus’ interactions with deeper visions of a well-structured society. As a bard, Homer keenly felt the importance of the host-guest relationship with his aristoi hosts. He achieves his purpose while spinning tales that would be entertaining to his audiences. What Homer leaves behind is a legacy that engages in discourse with the past and present and which future literature will emulate, comment on and celebrate. Works Cited Dimock, George. The Unity of The Odyssey. Amherst: U of Mass. Press, 1989. Foley, John Miles. Homer’s Traditional Art. PA: Penn State UP, 1999. Griffin, Jasper. Homer on Life and Death. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980. Homer. The Odyssey. Ed. Robert Fagels. New York: Penguin Books, 1996.

Energy crises of Pakistan

The unabated spate of load shedding throughout Pakistan has made life difficult to live in this sizzling summer. The unending energy crisis with power outages for more than 15 hours on daily basis has also dealt a severe blow to the national economy. Resultantly, business units and factories are getting shut down and layoffs of the workers are reported to be running in hundreds of thousands with grave implications for already burgeoning unemployment and poverty. According to a careful estimate, the difference between demand and supply is above five thousand megawatts, which is likely to increase as the weather gets even hotter in the months of June and July. The monster of load shedding first raised its head in 2007 and the national power scene has been becoming uglier with every passing year. There have been minor fluctuations and readjustments between demand and supply due to weather and water factors but the crisis on the whole has remained consistent in its lethality and ugliness. The criticality of situation warranted urgent policy response at the highest level but the same was not forthcoming, thanks to red-tapism and perennial malaise afflicting our decision-making processes. The questions arise in the background of severity of the crisis: has Pakistan in reality been deprived of treasure of energy? Do we have no alternative system to produce electricity in the country? Can we establish energy market, the biggest in the region through collaboration with neighbouring India and other countries? These are the questions whose answers should be in the affirmative, which should not be less than a glad tiding for the people hit hard by crises of different nature. Resort to empty promises, a favourite pastime of the government, would not help. It is about time that the government made practical strategies to resolve the energy crisis on the war footing basis without any further delay. Geographically Pakistan is located in a region where neighbouring country, India, is emerging as an economic giant. Despite massive use of energy to meet the growing demands of economic development, there is no load shedding in India. Among other countries of the region, Bangladesh is the only country whose local reservoirs of power are more than that of Pakistan. Economically speaking, India is ahead of Pakistan and Bangladesh but in terms of being self-sufficient in power, even Bangladesh is far ahead of Pakistan. Islamabad stands at number three in the field of power generation. Despite this power generation potential, the country suffers from the worst bouts of power crisis courtesy internal and external factors. If Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh and other countries of the region launch power generation initiatives jointly, they cannot only strengthen their diplomatic and economic ties but also earn precious foreign exchange by exporting the surplus electricity. These countries are home to vast natural sources of energy. All countries of South Asia can launch a joint project of power grid. Nepal and Bhutan are two countries blessed with maximum of natural gas, which is used more than electricity. On the other hand, there are issues in regard to planning of natural resources and installation of power lines to ensure flow of electricity in these countries of the region. Despite this, when we look at the natural resources in these countries, it becomes certain that only these countries forming the energy bloc would stand to benefit in the future energy scenario. However, they would have to take steps to attract the attention of international investors. If these countries succeed to formulate a joint strategy, it would not only help them overcome their energy crunch, but also establish a trade bloc in South Asia. A brief detail of some of the models is given here below to become self-sufficient in the power sector: According to an analysis undertaken in the countries of South Asia, it has become known that if they formulate long-term policy of natural resources, they can save electricity from 6% to 13%. South African countries had undertaken this experiment first of all by which the countries of the region were able to save up to 100 billion dollars. If the South Asian countries take a leaf from the book of their African counterparts, there is no reason why they do not become self-sufficient in energy resources. Implementation of this model would also promote the intra-regional trade besides offering solution to the power crisis. Pakistan should be a strong proponent of this model given its huge energy deficit and demand. A long-term policy will need to be worked out spanning over 10 to 12 years. The broad contours of policy would include power agreements, long-term policy, and cooperation in the field of engineering, etc. The government of Pakistan has already formulated a ten-year plan but it is not in sync with the ground realities. There is a difference between resources and planning. By acting upon this model named s South Asian Power Pool, Pakistan, India and other regional countries can become success stories in the conservation and self-sufficiency of natural resources. The major benefits accruing from this model are the way out of present power crisis and enhancement of regional trade through striking of preferential trade agreements. Import of hydropower from India, Bhutan and Nepal can provide us with a big push to go ahead with this plan. Last but not the least, the South Asian countries can ink a regional agreement known as South Asian Regional Energy Trade (SARET) based on revolutionary steps to enhance energy trade in the region. However, in order to ease out the situation, urgent measures need to be taken. This includes the equal distribution of load shedding throughout Pakistan without any exception. The issues of non-payment to IPPs and circular debt need to be sorted out as a matter of priority to generate electricity according to full installed capacity. The matter of import of electricity from Iran should be dealt with on priority basis besides working out workable strategy to cut down line losses, which are the major source of wastage of electricity in the country. To conclude, it can be said that energy crunch is both regional and global issue and regional efforts need to be made to overcome this deficit. Time is long past when issues of urgent nature were kept pending due to political expediency. Pakistan, a country hit hard by power crisis, needs to reach out to Iran, Turkey and other central Asian countries for import of electricity on urgent basis to ease things out. Time to act is now.

The Vandals

‘Answers to question on prose fiction should address relevantly the central concern(s)/theme(s) of the text and be supported by reference to appropriate techniques of prose fiction such as: Characterisation, setting, key incident(s), narrative technique, symbolism, structure, climax, plot, atmosphere, dialogue, imagery. Choose a novel or short story with a central character you consider to be heroic, Show how the heroic qualities are revealed and discuss how this portrayal of the character enhances your understanding of the text as a whole.ANSWER: Many complaints recently have revolved around the strong targeting the weak. In Alan Bolds short story ‘The Vandals’ we hear the story of Gordon Miller. A retired Civil Servant whom is a quiet gentle man. He could have been considered heroic when he stood up to a ground of youths – The Vandals of the story. Bold uses numerous techniques such as setting, imagery and foreshadowing to highlight Gordon Millers transiti on from hero to villain. The Vandals by Alan Bold is set in a small fictional Scottish town called Marshend.Gordon Miller moves into a small cottage here looking for peace and quiet. This is soon disrupted by a local group of youths who call him names and vandalise his property. After trying to confront these youths to reason with them he soon realises that he is trying to reason with people who know no limits, he soon takes things into his own hands. In the opening of the story Bold refers to the Roman invasion of Marshend and to the Roman General Agricola. However the Roman’s failed to completely conquer Marshend.From the beginning of the story Bold juxtaposes Miller against the Romans. Bold does this by giving the imagery of Miller being the Inhabitants of Marshend and the vandals being the Roman army. First Miller tries to reason with the vandals, however after multiple reoccurring attacks on his house Miller declares what would be classed as war on the vandals. Through n umerous applications of word choice Bold manages to foreshadow the fact that Gordon Miller may not be as calm and tolerable person as he seems to be. ‘Gordon Miller decided he would keep calm’This is after the first attack on his home. By having to decide to stay calm this shows that it is almost like he is forcing himself to do so and this is doubting that he isn’t as calm a person as he seems. In the village the others formed an opinion on Gordon Millers ‘mental stability’ from this it was reflected back to him to make an opinion on himself. This tells the reader that apart from what we have read Gordon Miller may act very differently as well. Bold seems to keep Gordon Miller personality close to his chest revealing only what he has too.It triggers a reaction in the readers mind wondering as to why the other villagers have been commenting on his mental stability. It also would make Miller question his actions, if he has been acting a certain way an d villagers were starting to question and talk about his actions then it would possibly make him take notice and try to change the way he acts around others. Nearing the end of the story Bold uses a lot of imagery linked in with Gordon Miller and the theme of the Romans.When the vandals come back for the last time Bold describes Miller as standing at the ‘summit of the hill, on the top terrace. ’ This is similar to the idea of the Roman General waiting and observing his territory. Gordon Miller is standing and observing the youths and his home before he launches his attack on the youths. This is the turning point in the story where Bold twists Gordon Miller from being symbolic of the villagers in Marshend under attack to being the Roman General who is waiting to start his attack.This shows Gordon Miller becoming heroic as he is standing up to the vandals who have been tormenting him. This gives us the understanding that certain people can only take so much stress and di sruption in their lives before they come to the end of their tether and retaliate. The last sentence in the story is an image of Miller sitting playing with a set of ‘Roman Soldiers’. This shows that Gordon Miller is a lot more complex than Bold let us believe. He likes order and stability in his life, he does not like change and disruptions.As he is playing with the Roman Soldier set this represents the order that he likes in his life. In conclusion revealing Gordon Millers personality slowly throughout the short story Bold uses a number of techniques such as pathos, setting, imagery and word choice. Through these we feel empathy towards Gordon Miller and understand why he proceeded taking the heroic actions that he did. This helps the reader not to dislike Miller for his actions but feel happy for him that he finally got justice on the vandals.Word Count: 755

Brand Positioning Essays

Brand Positioning Essays Brand Positioning Essay Brand Positioning Essay Source: BSE 1. | What is listing? Listing means admission of the securities to dealings on a recognized stock exchange. The securities may be of any public limited company, Central or state government, quasi government or other financial institution/corporation, municipalities, etc. | 2. | What are the requirements for a PSU to get listed on BSE? A company will have to meet the conditions prescribed under SEBI ICDR Regulations 2009 as well as minimum listing requirements prescribed by the exchange for seeking listing of its equity shares on BSE   | 3. | What is an Offer Document? Is it compulsory to issue an Offer Document? An ‘Offer Document’ is a document which contains all the relevant information about the company, promoters, projects, financial details, objects of raising the money, terms of the issue etc, which is issued for the benefit of prospective investors, and is required to be filed with SEBI and the exchanges(s). A company coming out with a Public Offer has to compulsorily issue an Offer Document. | 4. | What is the time taken for preparation of an Offer Document? The time taken for preparation of the DRHP depends upon the size of the company, and the industry to which it relates. The period varies between 2 to 6 months. | 5. | Please explain DRHP/RHP/Prospectus DRHP  stands for Draft Red Herring prospectus, which is filed with SEBI and the Exchanges. SEBI makes the DRHP filed by companies available on its website for inviting comments from the public. RHP  stands for Red Herring Prospectus. It does not have details of either price or number of shares being offered or the amount of issue. The price band is normally disclosed in the RHP. It incorporates all the changes suggested by SEBI. It is filed with ROC before the issue opens. Prospectus  is an Offer Document which contains all the relevant details including the final price and the number of shares issued. This is also required to be filed with ROC after the issue closes. | 6. | What is book building? It is a process of price discovery, where the price band for the issue has to be disclosed before opening of the issue. The investor is free to make an offer within the price band. The final price is arrived at after the closure of the issue, based on the demands received at various price levels. | 7. | Is book building compulsory? Book building may be optional or compulsory. In case of compulsory book built issues at least 50% of net offer to public needs to be allotted to QIBs failing which the full subscription monies has to be refunded. Further, if the issue to the public is between 10% and 24. 99%, then the company will have to meet the requirements of Rule 19(2) (b) which, inter alia, requires that the issue is made through book built route and at least 60% of the issue size is allocated to QIB’s. However, infrastructure companies are exempt from this requirement. | 8. | Does a company have the option to decide whether to come out with a fixed price issue or through book building issue? A company has the option to come out with a fixed price issue or book built issue. However, if the company does not satisfy any of the conditions stipulated in Chapter III Part I Clause 26 (I) of the SEBI ICDR REGULATIONS 2009, then it has to compulsorily go through the book built route. | 9. | Is appointment of a merchant banker compulsory? Appointment of a merchant banker is compulsory for a Public Offer. | 10. | Does BSE vet the Offer Document? BSE does not vet the Offer Document. However, the exchange may suggest certain changes/disclosures etc. to be made in the Offer Document. | 11. | Is SEBI approval compulsory for Public Offer? Any company coming out with a Public Offer or a rights issue of securities of more than Rs. 50 lakhs in value is required to file a draft Offer Document with SEBI for its observations. SEBI issues an observations letter if the Offer Document contains all the necessary material information and the disclosure requirement is meeting the SEBI ICDR Regulations 2009. | 12. | Are any exemption/concessions given to PSU at the time of listing? Certain category of entities like Public sector banks, and infrastructure companies whose project has been appraised by a public financial institution, etc. nd not less than 5% of the project cost is financed by these institutions, are exempted from the entry norms prescribed under the SEBI ICDR Regulations 2009. | 13. | How long is the issue required to be kept open for subscription? For fixed price Public Offer, the period is between 3-10 working days. For book built issues, it is between 3-7 working days, which is extendable by 3 days in case of revi sion in price band. | 14. | What is the average time taken for listing of securities after the issue opens? In case of book built issues, listing normally takes place within 12 days of closure of issue. In case of fixed price issue, it takes place within 37 days after the closure of the issue. | 15. | What is the minimum level of subscription required for the issue to be successful? What happen if this requirement is not met? At least 90% of the issue has to be subscribed for the issue to sail successfully. Further in case of compulsory book built issue, at least 50% (or 60% where Rule 19(2)(b) of SC ® rules 1957 is applicable) should be allotted to QIBs, failing which the full subscription monies has to be refunded. | 16. | Is underwriting compulsory? What are the different types of underwriting? Underwriting of shares is optional. There are two types of underwriting- hard underwriting and soft underwriting. Hard underwriting is when an underwriter agrees to buy his commitment before the issue opens. The underwriter guarantees a fixed amount to the issuer from the issue. Soft underwriting is when an underwriter agrees to buy the shares at a stage after the issue is closed. | 17. | Is there any requirement of minimum number of shareholders in an issue? There should be minimum number of 1000 shareholders in a Public Offer. | 18. | Is there any time limit prescribed by SEBI for completion of the listing process? What happens if the same is not adhered to? The company has to complete the process of credit of securities to successful investors/refunds within 15 days of closure of the issue. Further, the listing process should be completed within 7 working days of the basis of allotment. In case of delay, the company will become liable to pay interest for the delay. | 19. | Is there any restriction on pricing of the issue? Who decides the pricing of the issue? Companies have the freedom to fix the price in a Public Offer. However, they are required to give full disclosure of the parameters considered by them while deciding the issue price in the Offer Document. There are no restrictions on pricing the issue. The Offer Document contains the factors which have been taken into account while pricing the issue. | 20| What is the minimum % of shares required to be offered to the public for listing? The Public Offer should constitute at least 25% of the post issue paid up capital of the company. However issue made with Public Offer component of less than 25% but more than 10% should meet the requirements of rule 19(2)(b) of SC(R) Rules, 1957. | 21. | What is the Green shoe option? Green Shoe option is a price stabilizing mechanism for maintaining post issue price stability. Under Green Shoe option, shares are issued in excess of the issue size by a maximum of 15% to underwriters to stabilize the price for a period of 30 days immediately following the Public Offer. | 22. | As shares in PSU are held by the Government, is lock-in of pre-issue holding required? Under SEBI ICDR REGULATIONS 2009 for IPO’s, the promoters’ contribution has to be not less than 20% of the post issue capital, which will be under lock-in for a period of 3 years. The remaining pre-issue capital will be locked in for a period of 1 year. There is no exemption from lock-in for PSUs. | 23. Can the Company reserve it shares for certain entities/ employees etc? Reservation on competitive basis can be made to employees of the company, shareholders of the promoting companies and shareholders of group companies. In case of an existing company, reservations can be made for Indian Mutual funds, FIIs, Indian and Multilateral development institutions and scheduled banks   | 24. | What is differential pricing? Can the company have different pricing of different types of allottees? When there is a price difference on the shares offered to different categories, it is called differential pricing. An issuer company can allot the shares to retail individual investors at a maximum discount of 10% to the price at which the shares are offered to other categories of public. | 25. | Who are Anchor Investors? Are they compulsory? An Anchor Investor is a QIB, who is permitted to bid for the shares of a public issue only on the day before the issue opens. The portion available for Anchor Investors is 30% of the portion available to QIBs. The minimum application size has to be for Rs 10 crores. Allocation of shares to Anchor Investors is on discretionary basis subject to certain conditions. The number of shares and price at which allocation is done has to be published by the merchant banker before the issue opens. The Anchor Investor has to pay 25% of the amount on application and the balance within 2 days. | 26. | Is it compulsory to have a full time Company Secretary? Companies having a paid up capital of more than Rs. 5 crores have to compulsorily appoint a full time Company Secretary. | 27. | Is Corporate Governance compliance compulsory for PSUs? All listed companies including PSUs have to comply with Clause 49 of the listing agreement relating to Corporate Governance. | 28. | Can a company list only on a regional exchange? An unlisted company coming out with an IPO is required at least on one stock exchange having nation wise terminals. Additionally, a company may list on any other Exchange. | 29. | What is grading? Is it compulsory? Every unlisted company coming out with a Public Offer is required to obtain grading for its IPO from at least one credit rating agency. The company is required to disclose the rationale furnished by the credit rating agency in the RHP. In case a company has obtained grading from more than one rating agency, then all the grades obtained have to be disclosed in the RHP. | 30. | Is it necessary to appoint a Compliance Officer? Every listed company is required to appoint a Compliance Officer. The Company will have to intimate to SEBI, the name of the Compliance Officer, who will be required to directly liaise with SEBI regarding various compliance requirements and other matters. | 31. | What are the advantages of listing with BSE? BSE has the largest number of listed companies in the world. BSE has a history of more than 135 years. BSE has a full fledged listing Department to assist companies in listing of their securities. In case of PSUs, though the entire capital is listed, the Exchange charges listing fee only on the capital divested to the public. |

John F. Kennedy, and his assassination essays

John F. Kennedy, and his assassination essays John F. Kennedy, president of the United States, was assassinated during his presidency. There were four presidential assassinations in U. S history. Lincoln was assassinated first in 1965, then Garfield in 1881, then McKinley, and our most recent assassination in history was Kennedy in 1963, in Dallas Texas. This paper will focus of JFK and his assassination. John F. Kennedy was born in Brookline, Massachusetts, he was the second oldest of nine. He had five sisters, and three brothers, Joseph, Rosemary, Kathleen, Eunice, Patricia, Robert, Jean, and Edward. John, Edward and Robert entered into politics. The Kennedy family had been active in politics. Rose Kennedy was the daughter of John F. Fitzgerald, who, as mayor of Boston, Massachusetts, was known as Honey Fitz. At the age of 13, he went to a private school called Canterbury, in New Milford, Connecticut, but he became sick and had to drop out. Then he graduated from Choate Preparatory School in Willingford, Connecticut. Then he entered Princeton University, but then he got ill again and had to drop out, so the he went to Harvard University. He then attended Stanford University after he graduated from Harvard, and he attended for a year and then traveled to South America. John F. Kennedy was on of nine children. He was number two in the Kennedy family. John had five sisters, and three brothers. The sisters were Jean, Patricia, Eunice, Kathleen, and Rosemary. The brothers were Ted, Robert, Joe jr. Johns father, Joseph, was the Ambassador to England. The long lines of relatives were some how associated with politics. Kennedys brother Robert ran for a seat in the Senate, and when he was in the primary in California, he was assassinated. This put and ends to his running for president. Ted Kennedy, still alive today is a senator of Massachusetts. John, as we know was the 35th president of the United States, and was assassinated in 1963. ...